LITERATURE.--Reland, _Decas exercitationum philologicarum de vera pronuntiatione nominis Jehova_, 1707; Reinke, "Philologisch-historische Abhandlung über den Gottesnamen Jehova," in _Beiträge zur Erklärung des Alten Testaments_, III. (1855); Baudissin, "Der Ursprung des Gottesnamens [Greek: Iaô]," in _Studien zur semitischen Religionsgeschichte_, I. (1876), 179-254; Driver, "Recent Theories on the Origin and Nature of the Tetragrammaton," in _Studia Biblica_, I. (1885), 1-20; Deissmann, "Griechische Transkriptionen des Tetragrammaton," in _Bibelstudien_ (1895), 1-20; Blau, _Das altjüdische Zauberwesen_, 1898. See also HEBREW RELIGION. (G. F. Mo.) FOOTNOTES: [1] This form, _Yahweh_, as the correct one, is generally used in the separate articles throughout this work. [2] See Josephus, Ant. ii. 12, 4; Philo, _Vita Mosis_, iii. 11 (ii. §114, ed. Cohn and Wendland); ib. iii. 27 (ii. §206). The Palestinian authorities more correctly interpreted Lev. xxiv. 15 seq., not of the mere utterance of the name, but of the use of the name of God in blaspheming God. [3] _Siphrê_, Num. §§ 39, 43; _M. Sotah_, iii. 7; _Sotah_, 38_a_. The tradition that the utterance of the name in the daily benedictions ceased with the death of Simeon the Just, two centuries or more before the Christian era, perhaps arose from a misunderstanding of _Menahoth_, 109_b_; in any case it cannot stand against the testimony of older and more authoritative texts. [4] _Yoma_, 39b; _Jer. Yoma_, iii. 7; _Kiddushin_, 71_a_. [5] R. Johanan (second half of the 3rd century), _Kiddushin_, 71a. [6] Kiddushin, l.c. = _Pesahim_, 50a. [7] _M. Sanhedrin_, x. 1; Abba Saul, end of 2nd century. [8] _Jer. Sanhedrin_, x. 1; R. Mana, 4th century. [9] _Strom._ v. 6. Variants: [Greek: Ia oue, Ia ouai]; cod. L. [Greek: Iaou]. [10] _Panarion_, Haer. 40, 5; cf. Lagarde, _Psalter juxta Hebraeos_, 154. [11] _Quaest._ 15 in Exod.; _Fab. haeret. compend._ v. 3, _sub fin_. [12] [Greek: Aïa] occurs also in the great magical papyrus of Paris, 1. 3020 (Wessely, _Denkschrift. Wien. Akad._, Phil. Hist. Kl., XXXVI. p. 120), and in the Leiden Papyrus, xvii. 31. [13] See Deissmann, _Bibelstudien_, 13 sqq. [14] See Driver, _Studia Biblica_, I. 20. [15] See Montgomery, _Journal of Biblical Literature_, xxv. (1906),49-51. [16] _Chronographia_, Paris, 1567 (ed. Paris, 1600, p. 79 seq.). [17] This transcription will be used henceforth. [18] _A-se-itas_, a scholastic Latin expression for the quality of existing by oneself. [19] The critical difficulties of these verses need not be discussed here. See W. R. Arnold, "The Divine Name in Exodus iii. 14," _Journal of Biblical Literature_, XXIV. (1905), 107-165. [20] Cf. also _hawwah_, "desire," Mic. vii. 3; Prov. x. 3. [21] See HEBREW RELIGION.