This book, probably published after the death of its author and probably interpolated by his disciples, contains, besides Joachimite principles, an affirmation even clearer than that of Gherardo da Borgo of the elect character of the Franciscan order, as well as extremely violent attacks on the papacy. The Joachimite literature is extremely vast. From the 14th century to the middle of the 16th, Ubertin of Casale (in his _Arbor Vitae crucifixae_), Bartholomew of Pisa (author of the _Liber Conformitatum_), the Calabrian hermit Telesphorus, John of La Rochetaillade, Seraphin of Fermo, Johannes Annius of Viterbo, Coelius Pannonius, and a host of other writers, repeated or complicated _ad infinitum_ the exegesis of Abbot Joachim. A treatise entitled _De ultima aetate ecclesiae_, which appeared in 1356, has been attributed to Wycliffe, but is undoubtedly from the pen of an anonymous Joachimite Franciscan. The heterodox movements in Italy in the 13th and 14th centuries, such as those of the Segarellists, Dolcinists, and Fraticelli of every description, were penetrated with Joachimism; while such independent spirits as Roger Bacon, Arnaldus de Villa Nova and Bernard Délicieux often comforted themselves with the thought of the era of justice and peace promised by Joachim. Dante held Joachim in great reverence, and has placed him in Paradise (_Par._, xii. 140-141). See _Acta Sanctorum, Boll._ (May), vii. 94-112; W. Preger in _Abhandl. der kgl. Akad. der Wissenschaften_, hist, sect., vol. xii., pt. 3 (Munich, 1874); idem, _Gesch. d. deutschen Mystik im Mittelalter_, vol. i. (Leipzig, 1874); E. Renan, "Joachim de Flore et l'Évangile éternel" in _Nouvelles études d'histoire religieuse_ (Paris, 1884); F. Tocco, _L'Eresia nel medio evo_ (Florence, 1884); H. Denifle, "Das Evangelium aeternum und die Commission zu Anagni" in _Archiv für Literatur- und Kirchengesch. des Mittelalters_, vol. i.; Paul Fournier, "Joachim de Flore, ses doctrines, son influence" in _Revue des questions historiques_, t. i. (1900); H. C. Lea, _History of the Inquisition of the Middle Ages_, vol. iii. ch. i. (London, 1888); F. Ehrle's article "Joachim" in Wetzer and Welte's _Kirchenlexikon_. On Joachimism see E. Gebhardt, "Recherches nouvelles sur l'histoire du Joachimisme" in _Revue historique_, vol. xxxi. (1886); H. Haupt, "Zur Gesch. des Joachimismus" in _Briegers Zeitschrift für Kirchengesch._, vol. vii. (1885). (P. A.) FOOTNOTE: [1] Preger is the only writer who has maintained that the three books in their primitive form date from 1254.