AUTHORITIES.--For bibliography see _Le Livre d'or de Jeanne d'Arc_ (1894), and A. Molinier, _Sources de l'histoire de France_ (1904). Until the 19th century the history of Joan of Arc was almost entirely neglected; Voltaire's scurrilous satire _La Pucelle_, while indicative of the attitude of his time, may be compared with the very fair praises in the _Encyclopédie_. The first attempt at a study of the sources was that of L'Averdy in 1790, published in the third volume of _Mémoires_ of the Academy of Inscriptions, which served as the base for all lives until J. Quicherat's great work, _Le Procès de Jeanne d'Arc_ (1841-1849), a collection of the texts so full and so vivid that they reveal the character and life of the heroine with great distinctness. Michelet's sketch of her work in his _Histoire de France_, one of the best sections of the history, is hardly more vivid than these sources, upon which all the later biographies (notably that of H. A. Wallon, 1860) are based. See also A. Marty, _L'Histoire de Jeanne d'Arc d'après des documents originaux_, with introduction by M. Sepet (1907); P. H. Dunand, _Jeanne d'Arc et l'église_ (1908); and especially Andrew Lang, _The Maid of France_ (1908). The _Vie de Jeanne d'Arc_, by Anatole France (2 vols., 1908), is brilliant and erudite, but in some respects open to charges of inaccuracy and prejudice in its handling of the sources (see the criticism by Andrew Lang in _The Times_, Lit. Suppl., May 28, 1908). The attempt to establish the reality of the "revelations" and consequently to obtain the canonization of Joan of Arc led the Catholic party in France to publish lives (such as Sepet's, 1869) in support of their claims. Excellent works worth special mention are: Siméon Luce, _Jeanne d'Arc à Domremy_; L. Jarry, _L'Armée anglaise au siège d'Orleans_ (1892); J. J. Bourassé, _Miracles de Madame Sainte Kathérine de Fierbois_ (1858, trans. by A. Lang); Boucher de Molandon and A. de Beaucorps, _L'Armée anglaise vaincue par Jeanne d'Arc_ (1892); R. P. Agroles, S.J., _La Vraie Jeanne d'Arc_. For the "false Pucelle" see A. Lang's article in his _Valet's Tragedy_ (1903). Of the numerous dramas and poems of which Joan of Arc has been the subject, mention can only be made of _Die Jungfrau von Orleans_ of Schiller, and of the _Joan of Arc_ of Southey. A drama in verse by Jules Barbier was set to music by C. Gounod (1873). (J. T. S.*; H. Ch.) FOOTNOTES: [1] In the act of ennoblement the name is spelt Day, due probably to the peculiar pronunciation. It has been disputed whether the name was written originally d'Arc or Darc. It is beyond doubt that the father of Joan was not of noble origin, but Bouteiller suggests that at that period the apostrophe did not indicate nobility. Her mother, it may be noted, is called "de Vouthon."