See further JEWS, §§ 6, 8; and SAMUEL, BOOKS OF. LITERATURE.--Biblical scholars are in agreement regarding the preliminary literary questions of the book, but there is divergence of opinion on points of detail, and on the precise growth of the book (e.g. the twofold Deuteronomic redaction). See further W. R. Smith, _Ency. Brit._ 9th ed. (upon which the present article is based); G. F. Moore, _International Critical Comm._ (1895); _Ency. Bib._, art. "Judges"; K. Budde, _Kurzer Handcommentar_ (1897); Lagrange, _Livres des juges_ (1903); G. W. Thatcher (_Century Bible_); also S. R. Driver, _Lit. of Old Testament_ (1909); Moore, in the _Sacred Books of Old Testament_ (1898); C. F. Kent, _The Student's Old Testament_, vol. i. (1904). (S. A. C.) FOOTNOTES: [1] This is confirmed by the circumstance that in Judg. ii. 1 the "angel of Yahweh," who, according to Exod. xiv. 24, xxiii. 20, xxxii. 34, xxxiii. 2, 7 seq., must be viewed as having his local manifestation at the headquarters of the host of Israel, is still found at Gilgal and not at Shiloh. [2] The chapter was written after Israel had become strong enough to make the Canaanite cities tributary (v. 28), that is, after the establishment of the monarchy (see 1 Kings ix. 20-21). [3] Hence, it is to be inferred that the reviser had older _written_ records before him. Had these been in the oral stage he would scarcely incorporate traditions which did not agree with his views; at all events they would hardly have been written down by him in the form in which they have survived. The narratives of the monarchy which are preserved only in Chronicles, on the other hand, illustrate the manner in which tradition was reshaped and rewritten under the influence of a later religious standpoint. [4] It may be conjectured that the introduction originally formed the prelude to the rise of Saul: the intervening narratives, though not necessarily of late origin themselves, having been subsequently inserted. See S. A. Cook, _Crit. Notes O. T. Hist._, p. 127 seq. [5] Tola and Puah (x. 1) are clans of Issachar (Gen. xlvi. 13), for Jair (v. 3), see Num. xxxii. 41, and for Elon (xii. 11), see Gen. xlvi. 14. See GENEALOGY: _Biblical_. [6] To the same post-exilic hand may also be ascribed the introduction of the "minor judges" (so several critics), and smaller additions here and there (ch. i. 1 opening words, vv. 4, 8 seq. [contrast 21] 18; viii. 30-32: xi. 2, &c.).