The province of Kano is generally fertile. For a radius of 30 m. round the capital the country is closely cultivated and densely populated, with some 40 walled towns and with villages and hamlets hardly half a mile apart. Kano district proper contains 170 walled towns and about 450 villages. There are many streams, but water is chiefly obtained from wells 15 to 40 ft. deep. The principal crops are African grains, wheat, onions, cotton, tobacco, indigo, with sugar-cane, cassava, &c. The population is chiefly agricultural, but also commercial and industrial. The chief industries are weaving, leather-making, dyeing and working in iron and pottery. Cattle are abundant. (See NIGERIA: _History_; and SOKOTO.) Consult the _Travels_ of Heinrich Barth (new ed., London, 1890); _Hausaland_, by C. H. Robinson (London, 1896); Northern Nigeria, by Sir F. D. Lugard, in vol. xxii. _Geographical Journal_ (London, 1904); _A Tropical Dependency_, by Lady Lugard (London, 1905); the Colonial Office _Reports_ on Northern Nigeria from 1902 onward, and other works cited under NIGERIA. (F. L. L.) KANSAS (known as the "Sunflower State"), the central commonwealth of the United States of America, lying between 37 deg. and 40 deg. N. lat. and between 94 deg. 38' and 102 deg. 1' 34" W. long. (i.e. 25 deg. W. long, from Washington). It is bounded on the N. by Nebraska, on the E. by Missouri, on the S. by Oklahoma, and on the W. by Colorado. The state is nearly rectangular in shape, with a breadth of about 210 m. from N. to S. and a length of about 410 m. from E. to W. It contains an area of 82,158 sq. m. (including 384 sq. m. of water surface).