synagogue and in the church should have been induced to believe in its antiquity is owing to the fact that the _Zohar_ embodies many older opinions and doctrines, and the undoubted antiquity of some of them has served as a lever in the minds of these scholars to raise the late speculations about the En Soph, the Sephiroth, &c., to the same age. LITERATURE.--The study of the whole subject being wrapped up with Gnosticism and Oriental theosophy, the related literature is immense. Among the more important works may be mentioned, Baron von Rosenroth's _Kabbala Denudata_ (Sulzbach, 1677-1678; Frankfort, 1684); A. Franck, _La Kabbale_ (Paris, 2nd ed., 1889; German by Jellinek, Leipzig, 1844); C. D. Ginsburg, _The Kabbalah, its Doctrines, Development and Literature_ (London, 1865); I. Meyer, _Qabbalah_ (Philadelphia, 1888); Rubin, _Kabbala und Agada_ (Vienna, 1895), _Heidentum und Kabbalah_ (1893); Karppe, _Et. sur les origines du Zohar_ (Paris, 1891); A. E. Waite, _Doctrine and Literature of the Kabbalah_ (London, 1902); Flugel, _Philosophy, Kabbala, &c._ (Baltimore, 1902); D. Neumark, _Gesch. d. Jud. Philosophie d. Mittelalters_ (Berlin, 1907); also S. A. Binion, in C. D. Warner's _World's Best Literature_, 8425 sqq. See further the very full articles in the _Jewish Ency._ by K. Kohler and L. Ginzberg ("Cabbala"), I. Broyde ("Bahir," "Zohar"), with the references. (C. D. G.; S. A. C.) FOOTNOTES: [1] C. Taylor, _Sayings of the Jewish Fathers_ (1897), pp. 106 sqq., 175 seq.; W. Bacher, _Jew. Quart. Rev._ xx. 572 sqq. (1908). [2] On the _Zohar_, "the Bible of the Kabbalists," see below. [3] The view of a mediate creation, in the place of immediate creation out of nothing, and that the mediate beings were emanations, was much influenced by Solomon ibn Gabirol (1021-1070). [4] See F. Weber, _Judische Theologie_ (1897), pp. 118 sqq. [5] See C. A. Briggs, _Study of Holy Scripture_ (1899), pp. 427 sqq., 570. [6] Even the "over-Soul" of the mystic Isaac Luria (1534-1572) is a conception known in the 3rd century A.D. (Rabbi Resh Lakish). For the early stages of Kabbalistic theories, see K. Kohler, _Jew. Ency._ iii. 457 seq., and L. Ginzberg, ibid. 459 seq.; and for examples of the relationship between old Oriental (especially Babylonian) and Jewish Kabbalistic teaching (early and late), see especially A. Jeremias, _Babylonisches in N. Test._ (Leipzig, 1905); E. Bischoff, _Bab. Astrales im Weltbilde des Thalmud u. Midrasch_ (1907). [7] L. Ginzberg, _Jew. Ency._ iii. 465. [8] See, especially, on the mystics of Safed in Upper Galilee, S. Schechter, _Studies_ (1908), pp. 202-285. [9] See the instructive article by S. Schechter, _Studies in Judaism_ (London, 1896), pp. 1-55. [10] See the discriminating estimates by S. A. Hirsch, _Jew. Quart. Rev._ xx. 50-73; I. Abrahams, _Jew. Lit._ (1906), ch. xvii.: _Judaism_ (1907), ch. vi.