[1] See _Trans. of the International Medical Congress_ (1881), vol. ii. p. 373. [2] See _Verhandlungen des X internationalen Congresses_, Bd. i. p. 33. LISTER, MARTIN (c. 1638-1712), English naturalist and physician, was born at Radclive, near Buckingham. He was nephew of Sir Matthew Lister, physician to Anne, queen of James I., and to Charles I. He was educated at St John's College, Cambridge, 1655, graduated in 1658/9, and was elected a fellow in 1660. He became F.R.S. in 1671. He practised medicine at York until 1683, when he removed to London. In 1684 he received the degree of M.D. at Oxford, and in 1687 became F.R.C.P. He contributed numerous articles on natural history, medicine and antiquities to the _Philosophical Transactions_. His principal works were _Historiae animalium Angliae tres tractatus_ (1678); _Historiae Conchyliorum_ (1685-1692), and _Conchyliorum Bivalvium_ (1696). As a conchologist he was held in high esteem, but while he recognized the similarity of fossil mollusca to living forms, he regarded them as inorganic imitations produced in the rocks. In 1683 he communicated to the Royal Society (_Phil. Trans._, 1684), _An ingenious proposal for a new sort of maps of countries; together with tables of sands and clays, such as are chiefly found in the north parts of England_. In this essay he suggested the preparation of a soil or mineral map of the country, and thereby is justly credited with being the first to realize the importance of a geological survey. He died at Epsom on the 2nd of February 1712. LISTON, JOHN (c. 1776-1846), English comedian, was born in London. He made his public _début_ on the stage at Weymouth as Lord Duberley in _The Heir-at-law_. After several dismal failures in tragic parts, some of them in support of Mrs Siddons, he discovered accidentally that his _forte_ was comedy, especially in the personation of old men and country boys, in which he displayed a fund of drollery and broad humour. An introduction to Charles Kemble led to his appearance at the Haymarket on the 10th of June 1805 as Sheepface in the _Village Lawyer_, and his association with this theatre continued with few interruptions until 1830. _Paul Pry_, the most famous of all his impersonations, was first presented on the 13th of September 1825, and soon became, thanks to his creative genius, a real personage. Liston remained on the stage till 1837; during his last years his mind failed, and he died on the 22nd of March 1846. He had married in 1807 Miss Tyrer (d. 1854), a singer and actress. Several pictures of Liston in character are in the Garrick Club, London, and one as Paul Pry in the South Kensington Museum.