A bibliography of the various editions of Livy, or of all that has been written upon him, cannot be attempted here. The following may be consulted for purposes of reference; W. Engelmann, _Scriptores Latini_ (8th ed., by E. Preuss, 1882); J. E. B. Mayor, _Bibliographical Clue to Latin Literature_ (1875); Teuffel-Schwabe, _History of Roman Literature_ (Eng. trans.), 256, 257; M. Schanz, _Geschichte der römischen Litteratur_. ii. 1 (2nd ed., 1899). The best editions of the complete text are those of W. Weissenborn (1858-1862, containing an introductory essay on Livy's life and writings; new edition by M. Müller, 1902), and J. N. Madvig and J. L. Ussing (1863-1873). The only English translation of any merit is by Philemon Holland (1600). (H. F. P.; X.) FOOTNOTES: [1] For the fragments of an epitome discovered at Oxyrhynchus see J. S. Reid in _Classical Review_ (July, 1904); E. Kornemann, _Die neue Livius-Epitome aus Oxyrhynchus_, with text and commentary (Leipzig, 1904); C. H. Moore, "The Oxyrhynchus Epitome of Livy in relation to Obsequens and Cassiodorus," in _American Journal of Philology_ (1904), 241. [2] The various rumours once current of complete copies of Livy in Constantinople, Chios and elsewhere, are noticed by B. G. Niebuhr, _Lectures on the History of Rome from the first Punic War_ (ed. L. Schmitz, 1844), i. 65. [3] For Livy's debt to Valerius Antias, see A. A. Howard in _Harvard Studies in Classical Philology_, xvii. (1906), pp. 161 sqq. LIZARD (Lat. _lacerta_[1]), a name originally referred only to the small European species of four-legged reptiles, but now applied to a whole order (_Lacertilia_), which is represented by numerous species in all temperate and tropical regions. Lizards are reptiles which have a transverse external anal opening (instead of a longitudinal slit as in Crocodilians and tortoises) and which have the right and left halves of the mandibles connected by a sutural symphysis. The majority are distinguished from snakes by the possession of two pairs of limbs, of external ear-openings and movable eyelids, but since in not a few of the burrowing, snake-shaped lizards these characters give way entirely, it is well-nigh impossible to find a diagnosis which should be absolutely sufficient for the distinction between lizards and snakes. In such doubtful cases a number of characters have to be resorted to, and, while each of these may fail when taken singly, their combination decides the question. It is certain that the snakes have been evolved as a specialized branch from some Lacertilian stock, and that both "orders" are intimately related, but it is significant that it is only through the degraded members of the lizards that recent representatives of the two great groups seem to run into each other. Such critical characters are:-- Lizards. Snakes.