The age in which Lotze lived and wrote in Germany was not one peculiarly fitted to appreciate the position he took up. Frequently misunderstood, yet rarely criticized, he was nevertheless greatly admired, listened to by devoted hearers and read by an increasing circle. But this circle never attained to the unity of a philosophical school. The real meaning of Lotze's teaching is reached only by patient study, and those who in a larger or narrower sense call themselves his followers will probably feel themselves indebted to him more for the general direction he has given to their thoughts, for the tone he has imparted to their inner life, for the seriousness with which he has taught them to consider even small affairs and practical duties, and for the indestructible confidence with which his philosophy permits them to disregard the materialism of science, the scepticism of shallow culture, the disquieting results of philosophical and historical criticism. See E. Pfleiderer, _Lotze's philosophische Weltanschauung nach ihren Grundzügen_ (Berlin, 1882; 2nd ed., 1884); E. von Hartmann, _Lotze's Philosophie_ (Leipzig, 1888); O. Caspari, _H. Lotze in seiner Stellung zu der durch Kant begründeten neuesten Geschichte der Philosophie_ (Breslau, 1883; 2nd ed., 1894); R. Falckenberg, _Hermann Lotze_ (Stuttgart, 1901); Henry Jones, _A Critical Account of the Philosophy of Lotze_ (Glasgow, 1895); Paul Lange, _Die Lehre vom Instincte bei Lotze und Darwin_ (Berlin, 1896); A. Lichtenstein, _Lotze und Wundt_ (Bern, 1900). (J. T. M.; H. St.) FOOTNOTE: [1] See Vogt, _Physiologische Briefe_ (1845-1847); Moleschott, _Der Kreislauf des Lebens_ (1852); Büchner, _Kraft und Stoff_ (1855).