As a statesman Louis IX. has left no distinct monument. The famous "_Établissements_ of St Louis" has been shown in our own day to have been private compilation. It was a _coutumier_ drawn up before 1273, including, as well as some royal decrees, the civil and feudal law of Anjou, Maine and the Orléanais. Recent researches have also denied Louis the credit of having aided the communes. He exploited them to the full. His standpoint in this respect was distinctly feudal. He treated his clergy as he did his barons, enforcing the supremacy of royal justice, and strongly opposing the exactions of the pope until the latter part of his reign, when he joined forces with him to extort as much as possible from the clergy. At the end of the reign most of the sees and monasteries of France were in debt to the Lombard bankers. Finally, the reign of Saint Louis saw the introduction of the pontifical inquisition into France. There are numerous portraits of St Louis, but they are unauthentic and contradictory. In 1903 M. Salomon Reinach claimed to have found in the heads sculptured in the angles of the arches of the chapel at St Germain portraits of St Louis, his brothers and sisters, and Queen Marguerite, or Blanche, made between 1235 and 1240. This conjectured portrait somewhat resembles the modern type, which is based upon a statue of Charles V. once in the church of the Celestins in Paris, and which Lenoir mistakenly identified as that of Louis IX. The king had eleven children, six sons and five daughters, among them being his successor, Philip III., and Robert, count of Clermont, the ancestor of Henry IV. The best contemporary accounts of Louis IX. are the famous Memoirs of the Sire Jean de Joinville (q.v.), published by N. de Wailly for the _Soc. de l'Hist. de France_, under the title _Histoire de Saint Louis_ (Paris, 1868), and again with translation (1874); English translation by J. Hutton (1868). See also William of Nangis, _Gesta Ludovici IX._, edited by M. Bouquet in vol. xx. of the _Recueil des historiens des Gaules et de la France_. Of modern works may be mentioned C. V. Langlois in E. Lavisse's _Histoire de France_, tome iii., with references to literature; Frederick Perry, _Saint Louis, the Most Christian King_ (New York, 1901); E. J. Davis, _The Invasion of Egypt by Louis IX. of France_ (1898); H. A. Wallon, _Saint Louis et son temps_ (1875); A. Lecoy de la Marche, _Saint Louis_ (Tours, 1891); and E. Berger, _Saint Louis et Innocent IV_ (Paris, 1893), and _Histoire de Blanche de Castille_ (1895). See also _The Court of a Saint_, by Winifred F. Knox (1909). (J. T. S.*)