Palmer, _The Quran_ in "Sacred Books of the East," vol. vi., Introd. pp. 67-68, Oxford, 1880). In the Medina period of Mahomet's life the nature of God is not so clear, and the description of it varies according to the moods of the Prophet. Spirits. Beside God are two other uncreated beings: (1) the original of the Koran, the "mother of the Book" (xliii. 3) on a "preserved tablet" (_lauh mahfuz_) (lxxxv. 22), in accordance with which God acts, and (2) the throne (_kursi_) (ii. 256). When the heavens are created, God sits on his throne in the seventh heaven; around him are angels, pure, sexless beings, some of whom bear the throne, while some are engaged in praising him continually. They are also his messengers and are sent to fight with the believers against the heathen. Some are the guardian angels of men, others are the watchmen of hell. Mediate beings between God and man are the "word" (_amr_) and from it the "spirit" (_ruh_) or "holy spirit" (_ruh ul-qudus_). Another manifestation of God to the believers only is the "glory" (_sakina_). Cosmology. Ethics. God created the world in six days according to the plan of the Book. Each new life was created by God's breathing into it a soul. The duality of soul and body is maintained. In each man is a good and a bad impulse. The bad impulse which was latent in Adam was roused to action by Satan (_Iblis_). Adam by his fall lost the grace of God, which was restored to him solely by the gracious choice of God. Between men and angels in their nature are the genii (_jinn_) male and female, inhabitants of desert places, created from smokeless fire. They had been accustomed to spy round heaven, but in Mahomet's time could learn no more of its secrets. Some of them were converted by the Prophet's teaching. Lowest of creation in his estate is Satan (_Shaitan_), who was an angel but was expelled from heaven because he refused to worship Adam at his Lord's command. God has revealed himself to man by (1) writing (_kitab_), and (2) prophets. As he had given to the Jews the Law (_Taurat_) and to the Christians the Gospel (_Injil_) so he revealed to Mahomet the Koran (Qur`an, known also by other names, e.g. _al-Furqan_, _at-Tafsil_, &c.), each single revelation being called an aya. With his revelation God has also sent an apostle or prophet to each people. Several of these are mentioned in the Koran, Moses the prophet of the Jews, Jesus (_Isa_) that of the Christians. Mahomet is not only the apostle of the Moslems but the "seal of the prophets," i.e. the final member of the class. His mission at first was to warn men of imminent judgment. Later he became more of a teacher. At first he seems to have relied for the salvation of men on his natural faculties, but later announced the doctrine of God's election. The ethics of the Koran are based on belief (_iman_) and good works, the latter alone occurring in the early Meccan _suras_. Fear of the judgment