His remaining years were spent in ceaseless activity and in controversy, which he sought to avoid. He died amidst universal sorrow and veneration. The works of Maimonides fall into three periods: (a) To the Spanish period belong his commentary on the whole Talmud (not fully carried out), a treatise on the calendar (_Maamar ha-ibbur_), a treatise on logic (_Milloth Higgayon_), and his commentary on the _Mishnah_ (this was called _Siraj_ or _Maor_, i.e. "Light": begun 1158, completed 1168 in Egypt). (b) While he was in Fez, he wrote an essay on the Sanctification of the Name of God (_Maamar Kiddush Hashem_, _Iggereth Hashemad_). (c) The works written in Egypt were: Letter to the Yemenites (_Iggereth Teman_ or _Pethah Tiqvah_); _Responsa_ on questions of law; Biblical and Rabbinical Code (_Misnheh Torah_ or _Yad Hahazaka_, completed 1180); _Sepher hamitzvoth_, an abbreviated handbook of the preceding; and his great philosophical work _Moreh Nebuhim_ or "the guide of the perplexed" (1190). To these must be added certain portions of the _Mishnah_ commentary, such as the "Eight Chapters," the discussion on reward and punishment and immortality, the Jewish Creed, which have acquired fame as independent works. The influence of Moses ben Maimon is incalculable. "From Moses unto Moses there arose not one like Moses," is the verdict of posterity. Maimonides was the great exponent of reason in faith and toleration in theology. One of the main services to European thought of the "Guide" was its independent criticism of some of Aristotle's principles. His codification of the Talmud was equally appreciated in the study of the scholar and in practical life. Christian Europe owed much to Maimonides. Not only did his "Guide" influence scholasticism in general, but it was from his Code that the Church derived its medieval knowledge of the Synagogue. A complete bibliography will be found in _Maimonides_, by David Yellin and Israel Abrahams (London, 1903); the final chapter of that work gives a summary of the influence of Maimonides on Christian philosophers such as Aquinas, and Jewish such as Spinoza. The "Guide" has been translated into English by M. Friedlander (1881-1885; new ed., 1905). See also _Jewish Encyclopedia_, articles _s.v._, and the volumes edited by Guttmann, _Moses ben Maimon_ (Leipzig, 1908, &c.). (H. Le.)