his mother, who was allowed to hold a small court at Angers, and resumed her place in the royal council in 1621. But differences between her and the cardinal rapidly arose, and the queen mother intrigued to drive Richelieu again from court. For a single day the _journée des dupes_, the 12th of November 1630, she seemed to have succeeded; but the triumph of Richelieu was followed by her exile to Compiêgne, whence she escaped in 1631 to Brussels. From that time till her death at Cologne on the 3rd of July 1642 she intrigued in vain against the cardinal. Among contemporary authorities for the history of Marie de' Medici, see Mathieu de Morgues, _Deux faces de la vie et de la mort de Marie de Médicis_ (Antwerp, 1643); J. B. Matthieu, _Éloge historial de Marie de Médicis_ (Paris, 1626); Florentin du Ruau, _Le Tableau de la régence de Marie de Médicis_ (Poitiers, 1615); F. E. Mézeray, _Histoire de la mère et du fils, ou de Marie de Médicis et de Louis XIII._ (Amsterdam, 1730); and A. P. Lord, _The Regency of Marie de Médicis_ (London, 1904). For the political history see the bibliographies to HENRY IV. and LOUIS XIII. There are lives by Thiroux d'Arconville (3 vols., Paris, 1774) by Miss J. S. H. Pardoe (London, 1852, and again 1890); and by B. Zeller, _Henri IV. et Marie de Médicis_ (Paris, 1877). There is a technical discussion of the causes of her death in A. Masson's _La Sorcellerie et la science des poisons au xvii^e siècle_ (Paris, 1904), and the minutest details of her private life are in L. Batiffol's _La Vie intime d'une reine de France_ (Paris, 1906; Eng. trans., 1908). MARIE GALANTE, an island in the French West Indies. It lies in 15° 55´ N. and 61° 17´ W., 16 m. S.E. of Guadeloupe, of which it is a dependency. It is nearly circular in shape and 55 sq. m. in area. A rocky limestone plateau, rising in the east to a height of 675 ft., occupies the centre of the island, and from it the land descends in a series of well-wooded terraces to the sea. The shores are rocky, there are no harbours, and the roadstead off Grand Bourg is difficult of access, owing to the surrounding reefs. The climate is healthy and the soil rich; sugar, coffee and cotton being the chief products. The largest town is Grand Bourg (pop. 6901) on the south-west coast. The island was discovered by Columbus in 1493, and received its name from the vessel on which he was sailing. The French who settled here in 1648 suffered numerous attacks both from the Dutch and the British, but since 1766, except for a short period of British rule in the early part of the 19th century, they have held undisturbed possession.