Adolphus and Cardinal Richelieu. He also proposed to disarm the Protestants by modifying the Restitution edict of 1629; but these efforts were abortive. In March 1647 he concluded an armistice with France and Sweden at Ulm, but the entreaties of the emperor Ferdinand III. led him to disregard his undertaking. Bavaria was again ravaged, and the elector's forces defeated in May 1648 at Zusmarshausen. But the peace of Westphalia soon put an end to the struggle. By this treaty it was agreed that Maximilian should retain the electoral dignity, which was made hereditary in his family; and the Upper Palatinate was incorporated with Bavaria. The elector died at Ingolstadt on the 27th of September 1651. By his second wife, Maria Anne, daughter of the emperor Ferdinand II., he left two sons, Ferdinand Maria, who succeeded him, and Maximilian Philip. In 1839 a statue was erected to his memory at Munich by Louis I., king of Bavaria. Weak in health and feeble in frame, Maximilian had high ambitions both for himself and his duchy, and was tenacious and resourceful in prosecuting his designs. As the ablest prince of his age he sought to prevent Germany from becoming the battleground of Europe, and although a rigid adherent of the Catholic faith, was not always subservient to the priest. See P. P. Wolf, _Geschichte Kurfürst Maximilians I. und seiner Zeit_ (Munich, 1807-1809); C. M. Freiherr von Aretin, _Geschichte des bayerschen Herzogs und Kurfürsten Maximilian des Ersten_ (Passau, 1842); M. Lossen, _Die Reichstadt Donauwörth und Herzog Maximilian_ (Munich, 1866); F. Stieve, _Kurfürst Maximilian I. von Bayern_ (Munich, 1882); F. A. W. Schreiber, _Maximilian I. der Katholische Kurfürst von Bayern, und der dreissigjährige Krieg_ (Munich, 1868); M. Högl, _Die Bekehrung der Oberpfalz durch Kurfürst Maximilian I._ (Regensburg, 1903). MAXIMILIAN I. (MAXIMILIAN JOSEPH) (1756-1825), king of Bavaria, was the son of the count palatine Frederick of Zweibrücken-Birkenfeld, and was born on the 27th of May 1756. He was carefully educated under the supervision of his uncle, Duke Christian IV. of Zweibrücken, took service in 1777 as a colonel in the French army, and rose rapidly to the rank of major-general. From 1782 to 1789 he was stationed at Strassburg, but at the outbreak of the revolution he exchanged the French for the Austrian service, taking part in the opening campaigns of the revolutionary wars. On the 1st of April 1795 he succeeded his brother, Charles II., as duke of Zweibrücken, and on the 16th of February 1799 became elector of Bavaria on the extinction of the Sulzbach line with the death of the elector Charles Theodore.