See _Correspondance de l'empereur Maximilien I. et de Marguerite d'Autriche, 1507-1519_, edited by A. G. le Glay (Paris, 1839); _Maximilians I. vertraulicher Briefwechsel mit Sigmund Prüschenk_, edited by V. von Kraus (Innsbruck, 1875); J. Chmel, _Urkunden, Briefe und Aktenstücke zur Geschichte Maximilians I. und seiner Zeit_. (Stuttgart, 1845) and _Aktenstücke und Briefe zur Geschichte des Hauses Habsburg im Zeitalter Maximilians I._ (Vienna, 1854-1858); K. Klüpfel, _Kaiser Maximilian I._ (Berlin, 1864); H. Ulmann, _Kaiser Maximilian I._ (Stuttgart, 1884); L. P. Gachard, _Lettres inédites de Maximilien I. sur les affaires des Pays Bas_ (Brussels, 1851-1852); L. von Ranke, _Geschichte der romanischen und germanischen Völker, 1494-1514_ (Leipzig, 1874); R. W. S. Watson, _Maximilian I._ (London, 1902); A. Jäger, _Über Kaiser Maximilians I. Verhältnis zum Papstthum_ (Vienna, 1854); H. Ulmann, _Kaiser Maximilians I. Absichten auf das Papstthum_ (Stuttgart, 1888), and A. Schulte, _Kaiser Maximilian I. als Kandidat für den päpstlichen Stuhl_ (Leipzig, 1906). (A. W. H.*) MAXIMILIAN II. (1527-1576), Roman emperor, was the eldest son of the emperor Ferdinand I. by his wife Anne, daughter of Ladislaus, king of Hungary and Bohemia, and was born in Vienna on the 31st of July 1527. Educated principally in Spain, he gained some experience of warfare during the campaign of Charles V. against France in 1544, and also during the war of the league of Schmalkalden, and soon began to take part in imperial business. Having in September 1548 married his cousin Maria, daughter of Charles V., he acted as the emperor's representative in Spain from 1548 to 1550, returning to Germany in December 1550 in order to take part in the discussion over the imperial succession. Charles V. wished his son Philip (afterwards king of Spain) to succeed him as emperor, but his brother Ferdinand, who had already been designated as the next occupant of the imperial throne, and Maximilian objected to this proposal. At length a compromise was reached. Philip was to succeed Ferdinand, but during the former's reign Maximilian, as king of the Romans, was to govern Germany. This arrangement was not carried out, and is only important because the insistence of the emperor seriously disturbed the harmonious relations which had hitherto existed between the two branches of the Habsburg family; and the estrangement went so far that an illness which befell Maximilian in 1552 was attributed to poison given to him in the interests of his cousin and brother-in-law, Philip of Spain. About this time he took up his residence in Vienna, and was engaged mainly in the government of the Austrian dominions and in defending them against the Turks. The religious views of the king of Bohemia, as Maximilian had been called since his recognition as the future ruler of that country in 1549, had always been somewhat uncertain, and he had probably learned something of