unwavering faith in the living God, who is ever revealing Himself in the progressive development of humanity. His last public utterance is to be found in a highly characteristic article on Renan's _Réforme Morale et Intellectuelle_, finished on the 3rd of March 1872, and published in the _Fortnightly Review_ for February 1874. Of the 40,000 letters of Mazzini only a small part have been published. In 1887 two hundred unpublished letters were printed at Turin (_Duecento lettere inedite di Giuseppe Mazzini_), in 1895 the _Lettres intimes_ were published in Paris, and in 1905 Francesco Rosso published _Lettre inedite di Giuseppe Mazzini_ (Turin, 1905). A popular edition of Mazzini's writings has been undertaken by order of the Italian government. For Mazzini's biography see Jessie White Mario, _Della vita di Giuseppe Mazzini_ (Milan, 1886), a useful if somewhat too enthusiastic work; Bolton King, _Mazzini_ (London, 1903); Count von Schack, _Joseph Mazzini und die italienische Einheit_ (Stuttgart, 1891). A. Luzio's _Giuseppe Mazzini_ (Milan, 1905) contains a great deal of valuable information, bibliographical and other, and Dora Melegari in _La giovine Italia e Giuseppe Mazzini_ (Milan, 1906) publishes the correspondence between Mazzini and Luigi A. Melegari during the early days of "Young Italy." For the literary side of Mazzini's life see Peretti, _Gli scritti letterarii di Giuseppe Mazzini_ (Turin, 1904). (L. V.*) MAZZONI, GIACOMO (1548-1598), Italian philosopher, was born at Cesena and died at Ferrara. A member of a noble family and highly educated, he was one of the most eminent savants of the period. He occupied chairs in the universities of Pisa and Rome, was one of the founders of the Della Crusca Academy, and had the distinction, it is said, of thrice vanquishing the Admirable Crichton in dialectic. His chief work in philosophy was an attempt to reconcile Plato and Aristotle, and in this spirit he published in 1597 a treatise _In universam Platonis et Aristotelis philosophiam praecludia_. He wrote also _De triplici hominum vita_, wherein he outlined a theory of the infinite perfection and development of nature. Apart from philosophy, he was prominent in literature as the champion of Dante, and produced two works in the poet's defence: _Discorso composto in difesa della comedia di Dante_ (1572), and _Della difesa della comedia di Dante_ (1587, reprinted 1688). He was an authority on ancient languages and philology, and gave a great impetus to the scientific study of the Italian language.