Of European descriptions of Mecca from personal observation the best is Burckhardt's _Travels in Arabia_ (cited above from the 8vo ed., 1829). _The Travels of Aly Bey_ (Badia, London, 1816) describe a visit in 1807; Burton's _Pilgrimage_ (3rd ed., 1879) often supplements Burckhardt; Von Maltzan's _Wallfahrt nach Mekka_ (1865) is lively but very slight. 'Abd el-Razzaq's report to the government of India on the pilgrimage of 1858 is specially directed to sanitary questions; C. Snouck-Hurgronje, _Mekka_ (2 vols., and a collection of photographs, The Hague, 1888-1889), gives a description of the Meccan sanctuary and of the public and private life of the Meccans as observed by the author during a sojourn in the holy city in 1884-1885 and a political history of Mecca from native sources from the Hegira till 1884. For the pilgrimage see particularly Snouck-Hurgronje, _Het Mekkaansche Feest_ (Leiden, 1880). (W. R. S.) FOOTNOTES: [1] A variant of the name Makkah is Bakkah (_Sur._ iii. 90; Bakri, 155 seq.). For other names and honorific epithets of the city see Bakri, _ut supra_, Azraqi, p. 197, Yaqut iv. 617 seq. The lists are in part corrupt, and some of the names (Kutha and 'Arsh or 'Ursh, "the huts") are not properly names of the town as a whole. [2] Mecca, says one of its citizens, in Waqidi (Kremer's ed., p. 196, or _Muh. in Med._ p. 100), is a settlement formed for trade with Syria in summer and Abyssinia in winter, and cannot continue to exist if the trade is interrupted. [3] The details are variously related. See Biruni, p. 328 (E. T., p. 324); Asma'i in Yaqut, iii. 705, iv. 416, 421; Azraqi, p. 129 seq.; Bakri, p. 661. Jebel Kabkab is a great mountain occupying the angle between W. Naman and the plain of Arafa. The peak is due north of Sheddad, the hamlet which Burckhardt (i. 115) calls Shedad. According to Azraqi, p. 80, the last shrine visited was that of the three trees of Uzza in W. Nakhla. [4] So we are told by Biruni, p. 62 (E. T., 73). [5] Waqidi, ed. Kremer, pp. 20, 21; _Muh. in Med._ p. 39. [6] The older fairs were not entirely deserted till the troubles of the last days of the Omayyads (Azraqi, p. 131). [7] This is the cross-road traversed by Burckhardt (i. 109), and described by him as cut through the rocks with much labour. [8] Istakhri gives the length of the city proper from north to south as 2 m., and the greatest breadth from the Jiyad quarter east of the great mosque across the valley and up the western slopes as two-thirds of the length.