MAUREL, ABDIAS (d. 1705), Camisard leader, became a cavalry officer in the French army and gained distinction in Italy; here he served under Marshal Catinat, and on this account he himself is sometimes known as Catinat. In 1702, when the revolt in the Cévennes broke out, he became one of the Camisard leaders, and in this capacity his name was soon known and feared. He refused to accept the peace made by Jean Cavalier in 1704, and after passing a few weeks in Switzerland he returned to France and became one of the chiefs of those Camisards who were still in arms. He was deeply concerned in a plot to capture some French towns, a scheme which, it was hoped, would be helped by England and Holland. But it failed; Maurel was betrayed, and with three other leaders of the movement was burned to death at Nîmes on the 22nd of April 1705. He was a man of great physical strength; but he was very cruel, and boasted he had killed 200 Roman Catholics with his own hands. MAUREL, VICTOR (1848- ), French singer, was born at Marseilles, and educated in music at the Paris Conservatoire. He made his début in opera at Paris in 1868, and in London in 1873, and from that time onwards his admirable acting and vocal method established his reputation as one of the finest of operatic baritones. He created the leading part in Verdi's _Otello_, and was equally fine in Wagnerian and Italian opera. MAURENBRECHER, KARL PETER WILHELM (1838-1892), German historian, was born at Bonn on the 21st of December, 1838, and studied in Berlin and Munich under Ranke and Von Sybel, being especially influenced by the latter historian. After doing some research work at Simancas in Spain, he became professor of history at the university of Dorpat in 1867; and was then in turn professor at Königsberg, Bonn and Leipzig. He died at Leipzig on the 6th of November, 1892. Many of Maurenbrecher's works are concerned with the Reformation, among them being _England im Reformationszeitalter_ (Düsseldorf, 1866); _Karl V. und die deutschen Protestanten_ (Düsseldorf, 1865); _Studien und Skizzen zur Geschichte der Reformationszeit_ (Leipzig, 1874); and the incomplete _Geschichte der Katholischen Reformation_ (Nördlingen, 1880). He also wrote _Don Karlos_ (Berlin, 1876); _Gründung des deutschen Reiches 1859-1871_ (Leipzig, 1892, and again 1902); and _Geschichte der deutschen Königswahlen_ (Leipzig, 1889). See G. Wolf, _Wilhelm Maurenbrecher_ (Berlin, 1893).