in 1862 was ordered to England to purchase torpedo material, &c. Here he took active part in organizing a petition for peace to the American people, which was unsuccessful. Afterwards he became imperial commissioner of emigration to the emperor Maximilian of Mexico, and attempted to form a Virginian colony in that country. Incidentally he introduced there the cultivation of cinchona. The scheme of colonization was abandoned by the emperor (1866), and Maury, who had lost nearly his all during the war, settled for a while in England, where he was presented with a testimonial raised by public subscription, and among other honours received the degree of LL.D. of Cambridge University (1868). In the same year, a general amnesty admitting of his return to America, he accepted the professorship of meteorology in the Virginia Military Institute, and settled at Lexington, Virginia, where he died on the 1st of February 1873. Among works published by Maury, in addition to those mentioned, are the papers contributed by him to the _Astronomical Observations_ of the United States Observatory, _Letter concerning Lanes for Steamers crossing the Atlantic_ (1855); _Physical Geography_ (1864) and _Manual of Geography_ (1871). In 1859 he began the publication of a series of _Nautical Monographs_. See Diana Fontaine Maury Corbin (his daughter), _Life of Matthew Fontaine Maury_ (London, 1888). MAUSOLEUM, the term given to a monument erected to receive the remains of a deceased person, which may sometimes take the form of a sepulchral chapel. The term _cenotaph_ ([Greek: kenos], empty, [Greek: taphos], tomb) is employed for a similar monument where the body is not buried in the structure. The term "mausoleum" originated with the magnificent monument erected by Queen Artemisia in 353 B.C. in memory of her husband King Mausolus, of which the remains were brought to England in 1859 by Sir Charles Newton and placed in the British Museum. The tombs of Augustus and of Hadrian in Rome are perhaps the largest monuments of the kind ever erected. MAUSOLUS (more correctly MAUSSOLLUS), satrap and practically ruler of Caria (377-353 B.C.). The part he took in the revolt against Artaxerxes Mnemon, his conquest of a great part of Lycia, Ionia and of several of the Greek islands, his co-operation with the Rhodians and their allies in the war against Athens, and the removal of his capital from Mylasa, the ancient seat of the Carian kings, to Halicarnassus are the leading facts of his history. He is best known from the tomb erected for him by his widow Artemisia. The architects Satyrus and Pythis, and the sculptors Scopas, Leochares, Bryaxis and Timotheus, finished the work after her death. (See HALICARNASSUS.) An inscription discovered at Mylasa (Böckh, _Inscr. gr._ ii. 2691 _c._) details the punishment of certain conspirators who had made an attempt upon his life at a festival in a temple at Labranda in 353.