[Footnote 14: Young, _Chronicles of Massachusetts_, 89, 290.] [Footnote 15: Bradford, _Plimoth Plantation_, 302.] [Footnote 16: Morton, _New English Canaan_ (Force, _Tracts_, II., No. v.), 106, 107.] [Footnote 17: _Mass. Col. Records_, I., 49.] [Footnote 18: Young, _Chronicles of Massachusetts_, 282-284.] [Footnote 19: _Mass. Col. Records_, I., 51.] [Footnote 20: Rymer, _Foedera_, XIX., 63.] [Footnote 21: Force, _Tracts_, II., No. iii.] [Footnote 22: Palfrey, _New England_, I., 312.] [Footnote 23: Thomas Dudley, letter to the countess of Lincoln (Force, _Tracts_, II., No. iv.).] [Illustration: NEW ENGLAND 1652] CHAPTER XII FOUNDING OF MASSACHUSETTS (1630-1642) Winthrop's government superseded Endicott's; but Winthrop, not liking the appearance of the country around Salem, repaired to Charlestown with most of the new-comers. Here, as elsewhere, there was much sickness and death. Owing to the dearth of provisions it was found necessary to free all the servants sent over within the last two years at a cost of L16 or L20 each. The discouragement was reflected in the return to England within a few months of more than a hundred persons in the ships that brought them over. The gloom of his surroundings caused Winthrop to set apart July 30 as a day of prayer, and on that day Rev. John Wilson, after the manner of proceeding the year before at Salem, entered into a church covenant with Winthrop, Dudley, and Isaac Johnson, one of the assistants. Two days later they associated with themselves five others; and more being presently added, this third congregational church established in New England, elected, August 27, John Wilson to be their teacher and Increase Nowell to be ruling elder.[1] Still the guise of loyalty to the church of England was for some time maintained. In a letter to the countess of Lincoln, March 28, 1631, the deputy governor, Thomas Dudley, one of the warmest of the Puritans, repelled "the false and scandalous report," which those who returned "the last year" had spread in England that "we are Brownists in religion and ill affected to our state at home"; "and for our further cleareinge," he said, "I truely affirme that I know noe one person who came over with us the last yeare to be altered in his judgment and affection eyther in ecclesiasticall or civill respects since our comeinge hither."[2]