the metropolis of Connaught, Cashel of Munster; while the rivalry of Armagh and Canterbury for the spiritual obedience of the Ostmen was settled by the grant of a fourth pallium, with metropolitical jurisdiction over the whole of Leinster, to Bishop Gregory of Dublin himself.[424] [414] For S. Malachi see his _Life_ by S. Bernard, and Lanigan, as above, pp. 59 _et seq._ [415] S. Bern., _Vita S. Malach._, c. 14 (Mabillon, vol. i. cols. 671–672). [416] _Ib._ c. 15 (col. 672). [417] _Ibid._ Cf. Lanigan’s note, _Eccles. Hist. Ireland_, vol. iv. pp. 110, 111. [418] S. Bern., _Vita S. Malach._, c. 16 (as above, col. 674). Lanigan, as above, p. 112. [419] Lanigan, _Eccles. Hist. Ireland_, vol. iv. pp. 114, 115, 116. [420] S. Bern., _Vita S. Malach._, cc. 30, 31 (Mabillon, vol. i. cols. 687–692). Lanigan, as above, pp. 129, 130. [421] S. Bern., _Vita S. Malach._, c. 16 (as above, cols. 673, 674). [422] See above, vol. i. p. 380. [423] Four Masters, a. 1151 (O’Donovan, vol. ii. p. 1095). [424] On the synod of Kells see Four Masters, a. 1152 (as above, p. 1101); Rog. Howden (Stubbs), vol. i. p. 212; and Lanigan, as above, pp. 139–151. It is plain that Bernard and Eugene aimed at applying to Ireland’s troubles the same remedy which they were at that very time applying to those of England. They hoped to build up an united nation and a strong national government on the basis of a free and united national Church. But the foundation-stone of their work for Ireland was scarcely laid at Kells when both the wise master-builders were called away. On the other hand, their labours for England were crowned by the accession of the young Angevin king, whose restless temper, before he had been nine months on his throne, was already seeking for another sphere of activity still further beyond the sea; overwhelming the newly-crowned, English-born Pope with suggestions of work and offers of co-operation in every quarter of Christendom,[425] and proposing to begin at once with the reduction of Ireland to political, ecclesiastical and social order after the pattern of England and Normandy.[426] Adrian IV. would have needed a wisdom and a foresight greater than those of S. Bernard himself to enable him to resist the attractions of such an offer. The so-called “Donation of Constantine”--a donation which is now known to be forged, but whose genuineness no one in Adrian’s day had ever thought of doubting--vested the ultimate sovereignty of all islands in the Papacy.[427] The best and greatest Popes, from S. Gregory down to Adrian himself, seem to have interpreted this as making them in a special way responsible for the welfare of such outlying portions of Christendom, and bound to leave no means untried for providing them with a secure and orderly Christian government.[428] The action of Alexander II.