21, 33, 34, 35), the development of a home cloth manufacture competing with the best foreign products (Nos. 22, 25, 32), and the provision of remedies against the mediæval bugbear of usury (Nos. 36, 37), all assist in the gradual ripening of a national economy, the fruits of which were gathered first in the Tudor era. AUTHORITIES The principal modern writers dealing with the subject of this section are:--Rogers, _History of Agriculture and Prices_; Rogers, _Six Centuries of Work and Wages_; Cunningham, _Growth of English Industry and Commerce_; Ashley, _Economic History_; Ashley, _James van Artevelde_; Cunningham, _Alien Immigrants_; Putnam, _The Enforcement of the Statutes of Labourers_; Schanz, _Englische Handelspolitik gegen Ende des Mittelalters_; Varenbergh, _Relations diplomatiques entre le Comté de Flandre et l'Angleterre_; Ochenkowski, _England's Wirthschaftliche Entwickelung im Ausgange des Mittelalters_; Höhlbaum, _Hansisches Urkundenbuch_. See also the _English and American Historical Reviews_. Contemporary authorities:--Thomas Aquinas, _De Usuris_; Political Poems and Songs (Wright, Rolls Series); Parliament Rolls (Record Commission); Calendars of Patent, Close and Fine Rolls (Record Office Publications). 1. ASSIZE OF MEASURES [_Roger of Hoveden, Rolls Series_, IV, 33], 1197. It is established that all measures of the whole of England be of the same amount, as well of corn as of vegetables and of like things, to wit, one good horse load; and that this measure be level as well in cities and boroughs as without. Also the measure of wine and ale and of all liquids shall be of the same amount according to the diversity of liquids. Weights and measures also, great and small, shall be of the same amount in the whole realm, according to the diversity of wares. Measures also of corn and liquids, wine and ale, shall have marks put thereon,[195] lest by guile they can be falsified. It is established that woollen cloths, wherever they be made, be made of the same width, to wit, of two ells within the lists,[196] and of the same good quality in the middle and at the sides. Also the ell shall be the same in the whole realm and of the same length, and the ell shall be of iron. It is forbidden to all merchants throughout the whole of the realm that any merchant set in front of his shop red or black cloths or shields or any other thing, whereby the buyers' eyes are often deceived in the choice of good cloth. It is also forbidden that any dye for sale, save black only, be made anywhere in the realm, except in cities or chief boroughs.