This cypher occurs in corners of books, and it appears to have been designed so that either the D or the J is always properly visible. It is found in conjunction with the two C's of Charles II., which also show clearly either way up. [_Ser. Jacobi Stuarti et Mariae Beatricis Estiae ... epithalamium._ Londini, 1673.] James, Duke of York (born 14th October 1633, died 16th September 1701), was the second son of Charles I. He succeeded his brother Charles II. in 1685. James II. had a short and troubled reign, chiefly because he had Roman Catholic tendencies, and ultimately joined that faith. The feeling in favour of Protestantism in England was very determined, and the nation ultimately invited William, Prince of Orange, who had married James's elder daughter Mary and was a strong Protestant, to come and accept the throne. This he did, and in 1689 James was deposed and William became King in his stead. James fled to France where he lived for the rest of his life, and the book-stamps that he had made at this time do not include the French coat. He was known as the Duke of York, but nevertheless his book-stamps show a Royal Crown. James's second wife, Mary of Modena, was a Roman Catholic and strongly influenced his views. He died at St. Germains, Paris, at the age of seventy. [Illustration] JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD, PRINCE OF WALES _Arms._--Quartered. 1st and 4th grand quarters, quarterly, France and England. 2nd grand quarter, Scotland. 3rd grand quarter, Ireland. As used by James I. (q.v.). Ensigned with a princely coronet. _Note._--A foreign stamp. [GERVAISE. _La vie de Saint Martin, Evêque de Tours._ Tours, 1699.] James Francis Edward (born 10th June 1688, died 1st January 1766) was the eldest son of James II. and his second wife, Mary of Modena. He was born before his father became King of England. Prince James, who is known as the Old Pretender in distinction to his son Charles Edward, the Young Pretender, is also known as the Chevalier St. George. His history is an unhappy one from his birth. On his father's death in 1701 at St. Germains he was proclaimed James III. of England and VIII. of Scotland, but by the Act of Settlement made in the same year the Stuarts were cut out of the succession to the English throne. The Chevalier St. George spent his life in fruitless endeavours to make good his claim to the English throne. His character appears to have been wanting in most of the qualities that make for success, and towards the latter part of his life his misfortunes so preyed upon him that he gave way to unworthy dissipations. [Illustration] KEMP, THOMAS READ _Arms._--Quarterly. 1st and 4th; gu., 3 garbs within a bordure engrailed or. _Kempe._ 2nd and 3rd; sa., 3 crescents arg., 2 and 1. _Read._