neighbourhood of the _cellarium_ and kitchen, was in close touch with the fraterer (_refectorarius_) and kitchener (_coquinarius_), whose chief duties were to arrange the meals in the frater and to regulate the activities of the cook and his assistants[22]. He also was, as we have seen, responsible in some degree for the hospitality of the house, which was administered directly by the hosteller (_hospitarius_). Equally necessary to the conduct of the monastery were the infirmarer (_infirmarius_), who looked after the brethren in the infirmary and sometimes, as at Peterborough, had his separate lodging in its neighbourhood, and the chamberlain (_camerarius_), who attended to the clothes of the brethren and their bedding in the dorter. The receiver (_receptor_), treasurer (_thesaurarius_) or bursar (_bursarius_) collected rents in money: the garnerer or granger (_granatarius_) collected the tithe in corn which belonged to the monastery, and supplied the cellarer with his stores of bread and beer. These offices of course varied in different houses, and in the later middle ages some are found in combination; but, as the needs of all orders were to some extent the same, the differences are trifling[23]. Each was bound to render an account of his administration yearly or quarterly, and, where such accounts survive, the information which they give is from the social and economical point of view of the highest value. § 81. The time-table of a monastic day in church and cloister must be reckoned with attention to the fact that the day, between sunrise and sunset, was divided, irrespective of the season, into twelve equal parts. The hours in winter were thus some twenty minutes shorter than in summer, and, with this in view, a different arrangement was adopted during the winter months, which began on Holy Cross day (14 September) and lasted till Easter. Artificial light was impossible in the cloister after sunset, and consequently in winter the brethren went to bed earlier. Their night was divided into two equal portions, between which came the night-office of matins followed by lauds. The rule of St Benedict contemplated an undivided night, with matins as the first day-office, said before daybreak; but the general practice followed in all orders was to rise in the middle of the night for matins and to return to the dorter afterwards. At Durham the monks dressed by the light of cressets—bowls filled with oil and floating wicks, and set in hollows in square stone stands at either end of the dorter. In most monasteries the brethren entered and left the church in procession before and after matins by the night-stair, and the time between dressing and the signal to go to church was occupied in private prayer. After preparatory psalms, the service began with the invitatory, which included the psalm _Venite exultemus_. It was divided into nocturns, each consisting of a group of psalms followed by three