GEORGE CATTERMOLE (1800--1868) was a native of Dickleburgh, Norfolk. He started in life as a topographical draughtsman, and studied architectural antiquities. This fitted him for the mediaeval and romantic subjects in which he delighted Brigands, robbers, and knights figure largely in his works. His travels in Scotland bore fruit in illustrations to the Waverley novels. His pictures were due to his memory, rather than to new inspirations, and as he advanced in years they became tame. Among Cattermole's principal works are _Sir Walter Raleigh witnessing the execution of Essex in the Tower_, _Hamilton of Bothwellhaugh preparing to shoot the Regent Murray_, _The Armourer's Tale_, _Cellini and the Robbers_, _Pirates at Cards_, which are all at South Kensington. JAMES HOLLAND (1800--1870) began as a flower painter and teacher of that branch of art. He found a wider sphere, and is known as a painter of landscapes and sea subjects. In his works high colouring is remarkable. His _Nymwegen, in Holland_, is at South Kensington, where there is also a series of sixteen of his drawings made in Portugal. SAMUEL PALMER (1805--1881) first exhibited, at the British Institution, in 1819. In 1843 he was elected an Associate of the Water-Colour Society, and became a full member in 1855; and it was at the exhibitions of that society that his works were most often seen. His paintings are chiefly pastoral scenes, treated in an ideal manner, and display imaginative and poetic genius of a high order. He drew inspirations for his paintings from the writings of Milton and Virgil, with which he was very familiar. He was influenced in his art by the work of William Blake, and to some extent by that of his father-in-law, John Linnell. Samuel Palmer executed a few highly-prized etchings. * * * * * EDWARD HENRY WEHNERT (1813--1868), FRANCIS WILLIAM TOPHAM (1808--1877), AARON EDWIN PENLEY (1806--1870), EDWARD DUNCAN (1803--1882), GEORGE SHALDERS (1826--1873), GEORGE HAYDOCK DODGSON (1811--1880), were all members of one or other of the Water-Colour Societies, and attained fame in their various walks of art. [Illustration: OLD ENGLISH HOSPITALITY. _By_ GEORGE CATTERMOLE. A.D. 1839.] [Illustration] CHAPTER VIII. ENGLISH ART IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY.--SIR THOMAS LAWRENCE AND HIS CONTEMPORARIES.