Then there was a _prepositus_, bailiff or reeve, who collected the lord's rents, assisted by a _bedellus_, beadle or under-bailiff. _Bovarii_, or oxherds, looked after the plough-teams. The _carpentarius_, or carpenter; the _cementarius_, or bricklayer; the _custos apium_, or beekeeper; the _faber_, or smith; the _molinarius_, or miller--were all important officers in the Norman village; and we have mention also of the _piscatores_ (fishermen), _pistores_ (bakers), _porcarii_ (swineherds), _viccarii_ (cowmen), who were all employed in the work of the village community. _Domesday Book_ enables us to form a fairly complete picture of our villages in Norman and late Saxon times. It tells us of the various classes who peopled the village and farmed its fields. It gives us a complete list of the old Saxon gentry and of the Norman nobles and adventurers who seized the fair acres of the despoiled Englishmen. Many of them gave their names to their new possessions. The Mandevilles settled at Stoke, and called it Stoke-Mandeville; the Vernons at Minshall, and called it Minshall-Vernon. Hurst-Pierpont, Neville-Holt, Kingston-Lysle, Hampstead-Norris, and many other names of places compounded of Saxon and Norman words, record the names of William's followers, who received the reward of their services at the expense of the former Saxon owners. _Domesday Book_ tells us how land was measured in those days, the various tenures and services rendered by the tenants, the condition of the towns, the numerous foreign monasteries which thrived on our English lands, and throws much light on the manners and customs of the people of this country at the time of its compilation. _Domesday Book_ is a perfect storehouse of knowledge for the historian, and requires a lifetime to be spent for its full investigation. [Illustration: DIAGRAM OF A MANOR] CHAPTER XI NORMAN CASTLES Castle-building--Description of Norman castle--A Norman household-- Edwardian castles--Border castles--Chepstow--Grosmont--Raglan--Central feature of feudalism--Fourteenth-century castle--Homes of chivalry-- Schools of arms--The making of a knight--Tournaments--Jousts--Tilting at a ring--Pageants--"Apollo and Daphne"--Pageants at Sudeley Castle and Kenilworth--Destruction of castles--Castles during Civil War period.