English Wayfaring Life in the Middle Ages (XIVth Century)Jusserand, J. J. (Jean Jules)
History
English Wayfaring Life in the Middle Ages (XIVth Century)
Jusserand, J. J. (Jean Jules)
Christian pilgrims and pilgrimages -- England; England -- Social life and customs -- 1066-1485; Travel, Medieval
The rebel was hardly dead than popular feeling, often unfavourable
to him during his life, forthwith recognized in him nothing else than
the hero who had fought against a tyrant, and, through sympathy for
the man, or antipathy for the king, assigned therefore to him a place
in heaven. The active revolt, rudely interrupted {342} by punishment,
continued thus in the latent state, and every one came to see God
Himself take the part of the oppressed, and proclaim the injustice
of the ruler by working miracles at the tomb of his victim. The
sovereign defended himself as he could; he dispersed the rabble and
prohibited the miracles.
De par le Roi, défense à Dieu
De faire miracle en ce lieu,
read an ironical distich written in France in the “Diacre Paris”
days. Similarly disposed, Edward II, on October 2, 1323, wrote “to
his faithful John de Stonore and John de Bousser,” ordering an
inquiry which would be followed by graver measures. He recalled to
them that “a little time ago Henry de Montfort and Henry de Wylynton,
our enemies and rebels, on the advice of the royal Court, were drawn
and hanged at Bristol, and it had been decided that their bodies
should remain attached to the gibbet, so that others might abstain
from similar crimes and misdeeds against us.” But on the contrary,
the people made relics of these bloody and mutilated remains, and
surrounded them with respect. Reginald de Montfort, William de Clyf,
William Curteys, and John his brother, and some others, in order to
render the king odious to the people, had organized false miracles
at the gibbet where the corpses of these rebels were still hanging,
which was nothing short of “idolatry.”
Severe measures were required in several places at the same time;
while these bodies were venerated at Bristol, a mere image of Thomas
of Lancaster, in the Cathedral of London, was attracting pilgrims and
working miracles. In this same year, 1323, on June 28th, Edward II is
found writing with great irritation to the Bishop of London:
“It has come to our ears—and it is very displeasing to us—that
many among the people of God, confided to your charge, victims of
a diabolical trickery, crowd round {343} a panel placed in your
church of St. Paul’s, where are to be seen statues, sculptures, or
images, and among others that of Thomas, late Earl of Lancaster, a
rebel, our enemy. Silly visitors, without any authorization from the
Roman Church, venerate and worship this image as a holy thing, and
affirm that it there works miracles: this is a disgrace for the whole
Church, a shame for us and for you, a manifest danger for the souls
of the aforesaid people, and a dangerous example to others.”[472]
The bishop knows it, continues the king, and secretly encourages
these practices without any other motive than that of profiting
by the offerings, thus making “shameful gains. . . . By which,”
adds Edward II, “we are deeply afflicted.” The usual prohibitions
follow.[473]
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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