[12] “Ubi frequens habetur populi transitus.” “Registrum Palatinum Dunelmense,” ed. Hardy, Rolls Series, 1875, vol. i. pp. 615, 641, A.D. 1314. This was a quite usual practice. The popes, who had every reason to be interested in the welfare of the great bridge at Avignon, published numerous bulls granting indulgences and other spiritual favours to the benefactors of the edifice. See “Bullaire des indulgences concédées avant 1431 à l’œuvre du Pont d’Avignon,” published by the Marquis de Ripert-Monclar, Paris, 1912. The work contains the Latin text of papal bulls of 1281, 1290, 1343, 1353, 1366, 1371, 1397, 1430, 1431. The bull of 1343, issued by Pope Clement VI, at Avignon, grants to givers “tres annos et tres quadragenas,” and, under certain conditions, a plenary indulgence at the time of death: “Siquis vero catholicus dictis fratribus . . . secundum quantitatem substancie et qualitatem . . . de bonis sibi a Deo collatis dederit vel transmiserit quoquo modo ad reparacionem dicti pontis, . . . si talis infra annum . . . vere penitens ac confessus ab hac luce decesserit, volumus et gratia speciali concedimus quod ab omnibus peccatis suis remaneat absolutus.” As for those who should be so bold as to hamper in any way the collections made by the brothers for their bridge, their punishment would be nothing less than excommunication (p. 6). [13] “Registrum Palatinum Dunelmense,” ed. Hardy, Rolls Series, 1875, vol. i. p. 507. [14] “Itinerary,” ed. L. T. Smith, vol. v. p. 144. [15] Certificates of Chantries, quoted in “English Gilds, the Original Ordinances from MSS. of the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries,” ed. Toulmin Smith. E. E. T. S., 1870, p. 249. Gilds in Rochester, Bristol, Ludlow, &c., did the same. [16] Text of the time of Edward IV, but “copied from laws still older.” “English Gilds,” as above, pp. 374, 411. [17] “Archæologia,” vols. xxvii. p. 77; xxix. p. 380. [18] “Cartularium Abbathiæ de Whiteby,” edited by J. C. Atkinson, Durham, Surtees Society, 1881, vol. ii. p. 401. The original of the Rosels contract is in Latin. [19] Skeat’s edition, Text C, pas. x. l. 29, _et seq._ [20] Most of the French ones were dedicated to St. Nicholas, patron of travellers. [21] Fleet bridge outside Ludgate, Oldbourne (Holborn) bridge, both of stone. Fleet bridge had been repaired by the mayor, John Wels, in 1431, “for,” says Stow, “on the coping is engraven Wels imbraced by Angels.” “Survey of London,” ed. Kingsford, Oxford, 1908, 2 vols., vol. i. p. 26. The “Survey” had appeared in 1598, and been reprinted, with important additions in 1603. [22] “The earliest proof [of the existence of a timber bridge] is in the record of the drowning of a witch at ‘Lundene brigce’ in King Edgar’s time.” Kingsford, Stow’s “Survey,” as above, vol. ii. p. 273. [23] Stow’s “Survey,” i. p. 23. Stow, who examined the accounts of the bridge wardens for the year 1506 (22 Hen. VII), found that the bridge expenses were at that time £815 17s. 2d.