The small epidemic in Uzmemmingen, a village of 700 inhabitants in the north-east part of Württemberg, was brought about by a chamber-maid, who on August 25 brought the disease from a Bohemian place through which a Prussian detachment had passed; 60 persons, all told, contracted the disease in Uzmemmingen, and 19 succumbed to it.[235] In the Bavarian Governmental District of Lower Franconia cholera broke out, as in Baden, in consequence of the operations of Prussian troops.[236] In the last week of July there were skirmishes between the Prussians and Bavarians near Hettstadt and Waldbrunn; after the withdrawal of the Prussians, many of whom were seized with diarrhoea, cholera broke out in both of those villages. The outbreak in Miltenberg was also connected with the arrival there of Prussian soldiers. Presently other places in Lower Franconia were attacked; for example, Rothenfels, Birkenfeld, Karbach, Stadtprozelten, Tiefenthal, Waldbüttelbrunn, &c. A Bavarian authority gives credit for the non-appearance of the disease in Remlingen and among the civil inhabitants of Uettingen, where Prussian soldiers suffering from cholera lay, to the care and vigilance of the Prussian military physicians. Cholera also appeared in the Governmental District of Swabia, breaking out in the cities along the Danube, in Höchstädt, Dillingen, Gundelfingen, and Neuburg. But it was impossible to prove that the disease was conveyed thither from the scene of the war.[237] CHAPTER VIII THE FRANCO-GERMAN WAR OF 1870–1, AND THE EPIDEMIC OF SMALL-POX IN THE EUROPEAN STATES CAUSED BY IT I. SIZE OF THE ARMIES In the Franco-German War of 1870–1, a larger number of troops were assembled within a short time upon the field of battle than in any previous campaign. On the German side 33,101 officers and 1,113,254 men took part in the war; the average number of men in the German field-army was 815,000. The total number of French soldiers under arms is not definitely known; that it was enormous is evident from the fact that the number of prisoners taken (including the garrison in Paris and General Bourbaki’s army) amounted to no less than 21,500 officers and 702,000 men. At certain periods of the war huge bodies of troops were congregated within comparatively narrow limits; at the battle of Gravelotte (August 18, 1870) some 180,000 to 200,000 men faced one another on either side; at the siege of Metz the average size of the German investing army was 240,000 men, while the French army in the city numbered 173,000 men at the time of the capitulation. At the battle of Sedan (September 1, 1870) 124,000 French soldiers were opposed to nearly twice that number of Germans. The garrison in Paris amounted to about 250,000 men, while the German besiegers averaged 240,000 men. II. DYSENTERY, TYPHOID FEVER, AND TYPHUS FEVER