It is a fact that small-pox raged severely among the civil inhabitants of all regions in which the second half of the war was waged (to the south, east, and north of Paris), and that the war itself helped the disease to spread in the eastern Departments (Jura, Doubs, Saône-et-Loire, Haute-Saône). The wide prevalence of the disease among the soldiers is attributed by many French physicians to the fact that the army as a whole had been inadequately vaccinated. If this was true of the regular troops, lack of time made it absolutely impossible to vaccinate all the men that were afterwards assembled in such a precipitate manner. The movements of the soldiers in the cold season of the year (in December there was some bitterly cold weather) made it necessary for friends and enemies to share whatever shelter they could find, regardless of whether the house had previously been occupied by small-pox patients, or whether such patients were actually lying in it at the time. The result was that the disease became very widespread throughout all France. Says Laveran:[256] ‘The army, being composed of men who had been in service for a long time, and who had been vaccinated and revaccinated, suffered very little, but the events which took place after the declaration of war altered this state of affairs. The regiments of the Departments on their way to Paris were quartered in the homes of civilians, where they contracted small-pox. The disease spread easily among the young people who, owing to lack of time, had not been revaccinated, and many of whom had perhaps never been vaccinated at all. During the first part of the siege of Paris it was these regiments which suffered the most from small-pox, but later on the epidemic became more general and spread to all the corps. The number of soldiers infected with small-pox during the siege was about 6·76 per 100, or 68 per 1,000.’ Small-pox raged very extensively in besieged strongholds. In Paris an epidemic of small-pox began in November 1869, and the number of deaths caused by the disease there was:[257] October (1869) 39 November 93 December 119 January 174 February 293 March 406 April 561 May 786 June 914 July 1,072 August 713 September 700 October 1,361 November 1,722 December 1,837 January 1,503 February 763 March 230