Of those cities which at that time had more than 10,000 inhabitants, Mannheim and Karlsruhe suffered very little; Rastatt, Freiburg, and Constance were the most severely attacked. The number of deaths caused by small-pox was: _Population._ 1870. 1871. 1872. Mannheim 39,606 3 33 4 Karlsruhe 36,582 4 25 9 Freiburg im Breisgau 24,668 10 138 17 Heidelberg 19,983 2 37 2 Pforzheim 19,803 2 34 2 Rastatt 11,560 10 99 1 Baden 10,080 4 9 4 Constance 10,061 2 39 2 _(f) Small-pox in Hesse in the Years 1871–2_ Regarding the epidemics of small-pox that raged in the Grand Duchy of Hesse in the course of the nineteenth century, Reissner and Neidhart[289] have published an excellent book. Vaccination, at least once, was made compulsory in Hesse in the year 1807. According to the above-mentioned book, small-pox was prevalent in Hesse all the time; the average number of deaths per annum in the years 1863–8 was O·47 per 10,000 inhabitants. After the year 1868 the statistics read as follows: _Deaths—Total._ _Per 10,000 inhabitants._ 1869 20 0·24 1870 248 2·95 1871 1,028 12·08 1872 167 1·95 1873 3 0·03 The increased prevalence of the disease began in September; the following table indicates the number of deaths in the several months: 1870. 1871. 1872. January 163 27 February 3 148 30 March 3 136 33 April 9 163 35 May 9 143 22 June 10 105 17 July 5 73 2 August 5 30 1 September 13 21 October 30 15 November 45 15 December 116 14 ——— ————— ——— Entire year 248 1,026[290] 167