Typhoid and typhus fever likewise became very widespread in the Caucasian army. According to Kosloff, typhus fever was not endemic in Armenia, as was probably the case with typhoid fever; the Russian physicians think that it was conveyed thither by the Russians themselves and not by the Turks. The conditions for quartering the Russian troops were as unfavourable as one could possibly imagine; they were housed in dirty Armenian villages, where nobody attended to the removal of refuse, and were badly provisioned and inadequately supplied with clothing; this, coupled with continuous marching and fighting, greatly reduced their power of resistance. In October 1877 the main army was infected with typhus fever, and the overcrowded hospitals merely helped to spread the disease. Conditions were worst of all in the detachment in Erivan. After the troops had gone into winter quarters there, typhus fever broke out with terrible severity and presently the entire government of Erivan was suffering from the pestilence; particularly hard hit were the cities of Erivan, Chorassan, &c., where the troops were very numerous and were exposed to the ravages of the pestilence. The following table indicates the number of men in the Caucasian army that contracted and succumbed to the four diseases mentioned: _Patients._ _Deaths._ Typhoid fever 24,473 8,908 Gastric fever 9,589 1,044 Typhus fever 15,660 6,506 Relapsing fever 14,576 3,775 The inhabitants of those regions in Asia in which fighting took place were not attacked by typhus fever. The Turkish troops, on the other hand, suffered severely from the disease, though not so severely as the Russian troops; the reason for this was that the former were better nourished and their camps were kept clean. The Turkish prisoners fared no better than the Russian prisoners; of 57,000 prisoners taken, 13,983 succumbed to various fevers, most of them to typhus fever. 2. THE BOER WAR OF 1899–1901 In the war which England waged against the free states, Orange and Transvaal, and which lasted more than two years and necessitated the transportation, on the part of England, of more than 400,000 soldiers to South Africa, infectious diseases, particularly typhoid fever, played a very important rôle. The English army, which averaged 200,000 men, sustained the following losses:[306] _Died of _Died in battle diseases._ and of wounds._ _Total._ From Feb. 10, 1900, to the end of that year 7,009 4,088 11,097 In the year 1901 4,318 2,337 6,655 —————— ————— —————— Total 11,327 6,425 17,752