[Footnote 671: Last grand duke of Weimar. Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach is a grand duchy of Germany. The grand duke referred to was Charles Augustus, who died in 1828. He was the friend and patron of the great German authors, Goethe, Schiller, Herder, and Wieland.] [Footnote 672: The Raphael in the Dresden gallery. The Sistine Madonna, the most famous picture of the great Italian artist, Raphael.] [Footnote 673: Call a spade a spade. Plutarch, the Greek historian, said, "These Macedonians ... call a spade a spade."] [Footnote 674: Parts. A favorite eighteenth century term for abilities, talents.] [Footnote 675: We have found out, etc. Emerson always insisted that morals and intellect should be united. He urged that power and insight are lessened by shortcomings in morals.] [Footnote 676: Goethe's Tasso. A play by the German poet Goethe, founded on the belief that the imprisonment of Tasso was due to his aspiration to the hand of Leonora d'Este, sister of the duke of Ferrara. Tasso was a famous Italian poet of the seventeenth century.] [Footnote 677: Richard III. An English king, the last of the Plantagenet line, the hero--or villain--of Shakespeare's historical play, Richard III.] [Footnote 678: Bifold. Give a simpler word that means the same.] [Footnote 679: Cæsar. Why is Cæsar the great Roman ruler, given as a type of greatness?] [Footnote 680: Job. Why is Job, the hero of the Old Testament book of the same name, given as a type of misery?] [Footnote 681: Poor Richard. _Poor Richard's Almanac_, published (1732-1757) by Benjamin Franklin was a collection of maxims inculcating prudence and thrift. These were given as the sayings of "Poor Richard."] [Footnote 682: State Street. A street in Boston, Massachusetts, noted as a financial center.] [Footnote 683: Stick in a tree between whiles, etc. "Jock, when ye hae naething else to do, ye may be aye sticking in a tree; it will be growing, Jock, when ye're sleeping."--Scott's _Heart of Midlothian_. It is said that these were the words of a dying Scotchman to his son.] [Footnote 684: Minor virtues. Emerson suggests that punctuality and regard for a promise are two of these. Can you name others?] [Footnote 685: The Latin proverb says, etc. This is quoted from Tacitus, the famous Roman historian.] [Footnote 686: If he set out to contend, etc. In contention, Emerson holds, the best men would lose their characteristic virtues, --the fearless apostle Paul, his devotion to truth; the gentle disciple John, his loving charity.] [Footnote 687: Though your views are in straight antagonism, &c. This was Emerson's own method, and by it he won a courteous hearing from those to whom his views were most objectionable.] [Footnote 688: Consuetudes. Give a simpler word that has the same meaning.] [Footnote 689: Begin where we will, etc. Explain what Emerson means by this expression.] CIRCLES