[19] The entirely negative results of all experiments made upon the lower animals to determine if cholera is communicable, or where the poison resides, is demonstrated by an endless series of experiments on the lower animals made in many countries. The extent and severity of these experiments, as well as their inconclusiveness, is impartially detailed in the classic work of Hirsch, _Handbook of Geographical and Historical Pathology_, vol. i., pp. 476-480. [20] Sir B. W. Richardson, _Biological Experimentation: its Function and Limits_, pp. 92, 93. CHRISTIAN SOCIALISM _THOUGHTS SUGGESTED BY THE EASTER SEASON, 1882_ CHRISTIAN SOCIALISM About thirty years ago a little band of ardent and earnest men joined themselves together as Christian Socialists, under the guidance of the Rev. F. Maurice, Rev. Chas. Kingsley, and other able and hopeful leaders. They shared in a high degree that ardent desire after ‘Practical Christianity’--that embodiment in every act of daily life of the spirit of our Master’s teachings--which has always existed in the Christian Church, and which can only cease with the disappearance of the Christian faith. The grand idea of human brotherhood is a vital principle of our Lord’s teaching. It is the foundation on which He builds His Church. But practical Christianity cannot exist unless political and social economy are founded upon this principle of brotherhood. Trade and manufactures, agriculture and education, national government and the individual home, are not Christian unless they are inspired by this central principle, laid down by our Divine Master, and reiterated in every page of His wonderful life--viz., that we must live as brethren under the inspiration of a wise and loving Father. Attempts to realize more fully this fundamental portion of the Christian faith, by special associated efforts, have always been observed in every age. From those early times when the disciples laid their offerings at the Apostles’ feet, and strove to ‘have all things in common,’ to the present day, the attempt to secure higher ends by the power of combination--a combination inspired by the highest idea of right--is always going on. Christian Socialism, therefore, is no new idea. It is as old as our faith. It is the shaping of actual daily life on the principle of Christian brotherhood. It enters in some degree into every association--church, chapel, or society of any kind whatsoever--which seeks to embody an unselfish or a higher spiritual idea; but the Christian Socialist believes that the structure of society in every part should be moulded by the idea of united interests.