Essays: Scientific, Political, & Speculative; Vol. 1 of 3: Library Edition (1891), Containing Seven Essays not before Republished, and Various other Additions.Spencer, Herbert
Philosophy
Essays: Scientific, Political, & Speculative; Vol. 1 of 3: Library Edition (1891), Containing Seven Essays not before Republished, and Various other Additions.
Spencer, Herbert
Philosophy; Political science; Science
It may not be amiss here to ask--What is the meaning of these
integrations? The evidence seems to show that they are in some way
dependent on community of function. The eight segments which coalesce to
make the head of a centipede, jointly protect the cephalic ganglion, and
afford a solid fulcrum for the jaws, &c. The many bones which unite to
form a vertebral skull have like uses. In the consolidation of the
several pieces which constitute a mammalian pelvis, and in the
anchylosis of from ten to nineteen vertebræ in the sacrum of a bird, we
have kindred instances of the integration of parts which transfer the
weight of the body to the legs. The more or less extensive fusion of the
tibia with the fibula and the radius with the ulna in the ungulated
mammals, whose habits require only partial rotations of the limbs, is a
fact of like meaning. And all the instances lately given--the
concentration of ganglia, the replacement of many pulsating blood-sacs
by fewer and finally by one, the fusion of two uteri into a single
uterus--have the same implication. Whether, as in some cases, the
integration is merely a consequence of the growth which eventually
brings into contact adjacent parts performing similar duties; or
whether, as in other cases, there is an actual approximation of these
parts before their union; or whether, as in yet other cases, the
integration is of that indirect kind which arises when, out of a number
of like organs, one, or a group, discharges an ever-increasing share of
the common function, and so grows while the rest dwindle and
disappear;--the general fact remains the same, that there is a tendency
to the unification of parts having similar duties.
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