Essays: Scientific, Political, & Speculative; Vol. 1 of 3: Library Edition (1891), Containing Seven Essays not before Republished, and Various other Additions.Spencer, Herbert
Philosophy
Essays: Scientific, Political, & Speculative; Vol. 1 of 3: Library Edition (1891), Containing Seven Essays not before Republished, and Various other Additions.
Spencer, Herbert
Philosophy; Political science; Science
And, referring to this same order of objects, M. Arago says:--"The forms
of very large diffuse nebulæ do not appear to admit of definition; they
have no regular outline."
This coexistence of largeness, irregularity, and indefiniteness of
outline, with irresolvability, is extremely significant. The fact that
the largest nebulæ are either irresolvable or very difficult to resolve,
might have been inferred _a priori_; seeing that irresolvability,
implying that the aggregation of precipitated matter has gone on to but
a small extent, will be found in nebulæ of wide diffusion. Again, the
irregularity of these large, irresolvable nebulæ, might also have been
expected; seeing that their outlines, compared by Arago with "the
fantastic figures which characterize clouds carried away and tossed
about by violent and often contrary winds," are similarly characteristic
of a mass not yet gathered together by the mutual attraction of its
parts. And once more, the fact that these large, irregular, irresolvable
nebulæ have indefinite outlines--outlines that fade off insensibly into
surrounding darkness--is one of like meaning.
Speaking generally (and of course differences of distance negative
anything beyond average statements), the spiral nebulæ are smaller than
the irregular nebulæ, and more resolvable; at the same time that they
are not so small as the regular nebulæ, and not so resolvable. This is
as, according to the hypothesis, it should be. The degree of
condensation causing spiral movement, is a degree of condensation also
implying masses of flocculi that are larger, and therefore more visible,
than those existing in an earlier stage. Moreover, the forms of these
spiral nebulæ are quite in harmony with the explanation given. The
curves of luminous matter which they exhibit, are _not_ such as would be
described by discrete masses starting from a state of rest, and moving
through a resisting medium to a common centre of gravity; but they _are_
such as would be described by masses having their movements modified by
the rotation of the medium.
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