Essays Upon Heredity and Kindred Biological Problems: Authorised TranslationWeismann, August
Science
Essays Upon Heredity and Kindred Biological Problems: Authorised Translation
Weismann, August
Evolution (Biology); Genetics; Reproduction
Götte combats the statement that the idea of death necessarily implies
the existence of a corpse. Hence he maintains that the cellular sac
which is left after the extrusion of the reproductive cells among the
Orthonectides, and which ultimately dies, is not a corpse; ‘for it does
not represent the whole organism, any more than the isolated ectoderm
of any other Heteroplastid’ (l. c., p. 48). But it is only a popular
notion that a corpse must represent the entire organism. In cases of
violent death this idea is correct, because then the reproductive cells
are also killed. But as soon as we recognise that the reproductive
cells on the one side, and the somatic cells on the other, form
respectively the immortal and mortal parts of the Metazoan organism,
then we must acknowledge that only the latter,—that is, the _soma_
without the reproductive cells,—suffers natural death. The fact that
all the reproductive cells have not left the body (as sometimes
happens) before natural death takes place, does not affect this
conception. Among insects, for instance, it may happen that natural
death occurs before all the reproductive cells have matured, and these
latter then die with the _soma_. But this does not make any difference
to their potential immortality, any more than it modifies the
scientific conception of a corpse. The idea of natural death involves
that of a corpse, which consists of the _soma_, and when the latter
happens to contain reproductive cells, these do not succumb to a
natural death, which can never apply to them, but to an accidental
death. They are killed by the death of the _soma_ just as they might be
killed by any other accidental cause of death.
The scientific conception of a corpse is not affected, whether the dead
_soma_ remains whole for some time, or falls to pieces at once. I
cannot therefore agree with Götte when he denies that an Orthonectid
possesses ‘the possibility of becoming a corpse’ (in his sense of the
word) because ‘its death consists in the dissolution of the structure
of the organism.’ When the young of the Rhabdites form of _Ascaris
nigrovenosa_ bore through the body-walls of their parent, cause it to
disintegrate and finally devour it, the whole organism disappears, and
it would be difficult to say whether a corpse exists in the popular
sense of the word. But, scientifically speaking, there is certainly a
corpse; the real _soma_ of the animal dies, and this, however
subdivided, must be considered as a corpse. The fact that natural death
is so difficult to define without any accurate conception of what is
meant by a corpse, proves the necessity for arriving at a scientific
idea as to the meaning of the latter. There is no death without a
corpse—whether the latter be small or large, whole or in pieces.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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