_Why Technical Changes are more disturbing than a General Influx or Efflux of Population._--When the moving of labor is gradual, it is effected, not so much by transferring particular men from one occupation to another, as by diverting the young men who are about entering the field of employment to the places where labor is most needed. When the son of a shoemaker, instead of learning his father's trade, becomes a carpenter, no _laborer_ has abandoned an accustomed occupation and betaken himself to another; but _labor_ has gone from the shoemaking trade to that of carpentering. A man often stays where he is to the end of his life, although during that life labor has moved freely out of his occupation to others. If we represent the facts by a diagram, they will stand thus:-- A B C D 50 40 70 100 Natural and actual apportionment of labor in 1850. 45 35>-->90 90 Natural apportionment after change of ----------^ ^---- method in 1850. 47 38 80 95 Apportionment in 1855 when the movement initiated in 1850 is partially completed. 52 41<---65 102 Natural apportionment in 1855, with ^---------- ----^ movements then initiated. _A_, _B_, _C_, and _D_ represent different occupations or subgroups in the table we have before used. At one date a static adjustment called for fifty units of labor at _A_, forty at _B_, seventy at _C_, and one hundred at _D_. A half decade later, after improvements had taken place at _A_, _B_, and _D_, static forces, if they were allowed to have their full effect, would leave only forty-five men at _A_, and thirty-five at _B_, but they would place ninety at _C_ and at _D_. The first movements that would tend to bring this about are in the direction indicated by the dotted lines. The transfers are made, not by forcing men from _A_, _B_, and _D_ to _C_, but chiefly by diverting to _C_ young laborers who would otherwise have gone to _A_, _B_, and _D_ to replace men who are leaving in these groups.