[103] "One of Dr. Alison's Scotch facts struck us much. A poor Irish Widow, her husband having died in one of the Lanes of Edinburgh, went forth with her three children, bare of all resources, to solicit help from the Charitable Establishments of that City. At this Charitable Establishment and then at that she was refused; referred from one to the other, helped by none; till she had exhausted them all; till her strength and heart failed her; she sank down in typhus-fever; died, and infected her Lane with fever, so that 'seventeen other persons' died of fever there in consequence.... The forlorn Irish Widow applies to her fellow creatures, as if saying, 'Behold I am sinking, bare of help; ye must help me! I am your sister, bone of your bone; one God made us; ye must help me.' They answer, 'No, impossible; thou art no sister of ours.' But she proves her sisterhood; her typhus fever kills _them_:" (_Past and Present_, Book III., ch. ii.) * * * * * PART II THEORY OF THE MORAL LIFE GENERAL LITERATURE FOR PART II Among the works which have had the most influence upon the development of the theory of morals are: Plato, dialogues entitled _Republic, Laws_, _Protagoras_ and _Gorgias_; Aristotle, _Ethics_; Cicero, _De Finibus_ and _De Officiis_; Marcus Aurelius, _Meditations_; Epictetus, _Conversations_; Lucretius, _De Rerum Natura_; St. Thomas Aquinas (selected and translated by Rickaby under title of _Aquinas Ethicus_); Hobbes, _Leviathan_; Spinoza, _Ethics_; Shaftesbury, _Characteristics_, and _Inquiry concerning Virtue_; Hutcheson, _System of Moral Philosophy_; Butler, _Sermons_; Hume, _Essays, Principles of Morals_; Adam Smith, _Theory of Moral Sentiments_; Bentham, _Principles of Morals and Legislation_; Kant, _Critique of Practical Reason_, and _Foundations of the Metaphysics of Ethics_; Comte, Social Physics (in his _Course of Positive Philosophy_); Mill, _Utilitarianism_; Spencer, _Principles of Ethics_; Green, _Prolegomena to Ethics_; Sidgwick, _Methods of Ethics_; Selby-Bigge, _British Moralists_, 2 vols. (a convenient collection of selections). For contemporary treatises, and histories consult the literature referred to in ch. i. of Part I. CHAPTER X THE MORAL SITUATION