There are comparatively few distinct analyses of the moral situation, the topic generally being treated as a running part of the theory of the author, or in connection with an account of character or conduct (see references at end of ch. xiii.). See, however, Mezes, _Ethics, Descriptive and Explanatory_, ch. ii.; Martineau, _Types of Ethical Theory_, Vol. II., pp. 17-54; Spencer, _Principles of Ethics_, Vol. I.; _Studies in Logical Theory_, Stuart, essay on Valuation as a Logical Process, pp. 237-241, 257-258, 273-275, 289-293; Dewey, _Logical Conditions of a Scientific Treatment of Morality_; Mead, _Philosophical Basis of Ethics_, International Journal of Ethics, April, 1908; Fite, _Introductory Study of Ethics_, chs. ii., xviii., and xix. FOOTNOTES: [104] Aristotle illustrates by a man who throws his goods overboard in a storm at sea. He does not wish absolutely to lose his goods, but he prefers losing them to losing the ship or his own life: he wishes it _under the circumstances_ and his act is so far voluntary. [105] Of course, this is also true of a large part of human activity. But these are also the cases in which we do not ascribe moral value; or at least we do not except when we want to make the agent conscious of some reason why. [106] While we have employed Spencer's example, it should be noted that incompatibility of ends is not the criterion of the distinctively moral situation which Spencer himself employs. CHAPTER XI PROBLEMS OF MORAL THEORY We have identified in its framework and main outlines the sort of voluntary activity in which the problem of good and evil appears and in which the ideas of right and wrong are employed. This task, however, is only preliminary to theoretical analysis. For it throws no light upon just what we mean by good and bad; just what elements of complex voluntary behavior are termed right or wrong; or why they are so termed. It does not even indicate what must be discovered before such questions can be answered. It only sets forth the limits of the subject-matter within which such questions arise and in reference to which they must be answered. What are the distinctive problems which must be dealt with in the course of such a discussion?