The higher the capacity or faculty, the higher in quality the pleasure
of its exercise and fulfillment, irrespective of bulk. But how do we
know which faculty _is_ higher, and hence what satisfaction is more
valuable? By reference to the experience of the man who has had the best
opportunity to exercise all the powers in question.
"Few human creatures would consent to be changed into any of the
lower animals, for a promise of the fullest allowance of a beast's
pleasure; no intelligent human being would consent to be a fool,
no instructed person would be an ignoramus, no person of feeling
and conscience would be selfish and base, even though they should
be persuaded that the fool, the dunce or the rascal is better
satisfied with his lot than they are with theirs." And again, "It
is indisputable that the being whose capacities of enjoyment are
low has the greatest chance of having them fully satisfied; and a
highly endowed being will always feel that any happiness which he
can look for, as the world is constituted, is imperfect.... It is
better to be a human being dissatisfied than a pig satisfied;
better to be a Socrates dissatisfied than a fool satisfied. And if
the fool or the pig is of a different opinion, it is because he
only knows his own side of the question. The other party to the
comparison knows both sides."
The net result of our discussion is, then, (1) that happiness consists
in the fulfillment in their appropriate objects (or the anticipation of
such fulfillment) of the powers of the self manifested in desires,
purposes, efforts; (2) true happiness consists in the satisfaction of
those powers of the self which are of higher quality; (3) that the man
of good character, the one in whom these high powers are already active,
is the judge, in the concrete, of happiness and misery. We shall now
discuss
§ 3. THE CONSTITUTION OF HAPPINESS
Happiness consists in the agreement, whether anticipated or realized, of
the objective conditions brought about by our endeavors with our desires
and purposes. This conception of happiness is contrasted with the notion
that it is a sum or collection of separate states of sensation or
feeling.
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