="Accord with" Duty versus "from" Duty.=--Kant points out that acts may be "in accordance with duty" and yet not be done "from duty." "It is always, for example, a matter of duty that a dealer should not overcharge an inexperienced purchaser, and wherever there is much commerce the prudent tradesman does not overcharge.... Men are thus honestly served; but this is not enough to prove that the tradesman so acted from duty and from principles of honesty; his own advantage required it" (_Kant's Theory of Ethics_, Abbott's translation, p. 13). In such a case the act externally viewed is in _accordance_ with duty; morally viewed, it proceeds from selfish calculation of personal profit, not from duty. This is true in general of all acts which, though outwardly right, spring from considerations of expediency, and are based on the consideration that "honesty (or whatever) is the best policy." Persons are naturally inclined to take care of their health, their property, their children, or whatever belongs to them. Such acts, no matter how much they accord with duty, are not done _from duty_, but from inclination. If a man is suffering, unfortunate, desirous of death, and yet cherishes his life with no love for it, but from the duty to do so, his motive has truly moral value. So if a mother cares for her child, _because_ she recognizes that it is her duty, the act is truly moral. =From Duty alone Moral.=--According to Kant, then, acts alone have moral import that are consciously performed "from duty," that is, with recognition of its authority as their animating spring. "_The idea of good and evil (in their moral sense) must not be determined before the moral law, but only after it and by means of it_" (_Ibid._, p. 154). All our desires and inclinations seek naturally for an _end_ which is good--for happiness, success, achievement. No one of them nor all of them put together, then, can possibly supply the motive of acting _from_ duty. Hence duty and its authority must spring from another source, from reason itself, which supplies the consciousness of a law which _ought_ to be the motive of every act, whether it is or not. The utilitarians completely reverse the truth of morals when they say that the idea of the good end comes first and the "right" is that which realizes the good end.