---------------------------------+------------------------------------ _Italy._ | _Central and Northern Europe._ ---------------------------------+------------------------------------ | 1294 Celestine V. | 1294-1303 Boniface VIII. |1273-1291 Emperor Rudolf I. |1298-1308 Emperor Albert I. | 1309 Independence of Swiss | Forest Cantons | recognized. | 1314 Battle of Bannockburn. | 1315 Battle of Morgarten. | 1340 Battle of Sluys. | 1347-1354 Rienzi founds the |1347-1378 Emperor Charles IV. Holy Roman | Republic. | | 1356 The Golden Bull. | 1377 Pope Gregory XI | 1370 Treaty of Stralsund. returns to Rome | from Avignon. | 1378-1417 The Great Schism. | 1380 Battle of Chioggia. | 1380 Wycliffe translates the 1395 Gian Galeazzo | Bible. Visconti becomes | 1397 The Union of Kalmar. Duke of Milan. | |1410-1437 Emperor Sigismund. | 1410 Battle of Tannenburg. |1414-1418 Council of Constance. | 1415 Death of John Huss. 1417 Election of Pope | Martin V. End of | the Schism. | | | | 1431 Council of Basel. | 1436 John Gutenburg invents the | Printing Press. |1438-1439 Emperor Albert II. |1440-1493 Emperor Frederick III. | |1455-1485 The Wars of the Roses. | 1469-1492 Lorenzo de Medici | 1476 Battles of Granson and rules Florence. | Morat. | 1477 Battle of Nanci. 1494 Charles VIII invades | Italy. | MEDIAEVAL GENEALOGIES [Illustration: