_c._ The number of ecclesiastical states. The three great electoral archbishoprics of Trèves, Mayence, Cologne--with the bishoprics of Metz on the Moselle, and Strasburg and Worms--so dominated the upper Rhine and its tributaries as to give it the name of Priest Street. The dioceses of Utrecht, Bremen, Münster, and Paderborn stretched in an almost continuous line along the north-west. To these we must add Hildesheim, Halberstadt, Magdeburg, Würzburg, Bamberg in central Germany; and in the south, the archbishopric of Salzburg, and the bishopric of Trent. The existence of these numerous ecclesiastical principalities had a twofold effect. It caused a strong feeling in Germany against papal exactions, of which the bishoprics were the victims, or the agents; while the desire on the part of the Princes to extend their dominions by secularising these ecclesiastical states, had a potent influence on many an Elector and Prince, both Catholic and Protestant. In many cases, too, the bishops were the relations of the Princes, and their policy was guided by family interests or rivalries. [45] He was Lord of 2 principalities, 2 duchies, 4 counties, 2 viscounties, and 7 lordships. _See_ Map of France. _Cause of the quarrel between Francis and Bourbon._--Charles, Count of Montpensier had been allowed by Louis XII. to marry Susanna, the heiress of Duke Peter of Bourbon. After the death of his wife without children, the Queen-mother, Louise of Savoy, claimed some of his possessions as niece of Duke Peter. Francis, with better right, demanded the restoration of others in fulfilment of Duke Peter’s original promise, that in default of male issue he would leave all the alienable possessions of his House to the Crown. CHAPTER IV FROM THE TREATY OF MADRID TO THE TREATY OF CRESPI Treaty of Madrid--League of Cognac--Sack of Rome--Medici driven from Florence--Battle of Aversa--Treaty of Barcelona--Peace of Cambray--Charles crowned Emperor--Diets of Spires and Augsburg--League of Schmalkalde--Zwingle in Switzerland--Peace of Nuremberg--Barbarossa of Algiers--Renewed war between Charles and Francis--Truce of Nice--Revolt at Ghent suppressed--The Anabaptists at Münster--Diet of Ratisbon--Campaign of 1542--Treaties of Crespi and Ardres. § 1. _Treaty of Madrid and League of Cognac._ | Behaviour and difficulties of Charles after the | victory of Pavia.