A few such as Ancona were still republics, but were weak and obscure. [19] The best account of Lucrezia Borgia is to be found in Gregorovius’ _Cæsar Borgia_, a work which has been translated into French. [20] For a review of Cæsar’s character, and of Machiavelli’s treatment of him, cf. Creighton, vol. iv. 64; Burd, _Machiavelli_, introduction, pp. 22, 28; Villari, _Machiavelli_, ii. 154; Symonds’ _Age of the Despots_, p. 275. [21] Ferdinand of Aragon = Isabella of Castile | +-----------------------+-----+-------+ | | | John Emanuel of Portugal = Isabella Joanna = Archduke Philip +1497 | +1493 | Michael +1500 [22] On the question of Joanna’s madness, cf. authorities at page 104, note. [23] The leaders of the Medici at this time were as follows:-- 1. Giuliano, Duke of Nemours, and Cardinal Giovanni, subsequently Leo X., both sons of Lorenzo. 2. Giulio, nephew of Lorenzo, subsequently Cardinal and then Pope Clement VII. 3. Lorenzo, Duke of Urbino, son of Piero, grandson of Lorenzo. [24] On the purpose of the _Prince_, cf. Burd, _Il Principe_, Introduction. _Cambridge Modern History_, c. 6. [25] Chiavenna, Bormio, and the Valtelline, were held till 1797. The others since 1803 have formed the Swiss canton of Ticino. [26] Bramante began St. Peter’s under Julius II., Michael Angelo added the dome under Leo. X. CHAPTER II INTERNAL HISTORY OF FRANCE, SPAIN, AND GERMANY, 1494-1519 Administration of Cardinal d’Amboise--Union of Crowns of Castile and Aragon--Policy of Ferdinand and Isabella--Ximenes--Spanish Conquests in Africa--Discovery of America--Character of Isabella and Ferdinand--Results of their Policy--Maximilian and the Empire--Diet of Worms--Attempted reforms--Opposition of Maximilian--Diet of Augsburg--Compact of Gelnhausen--The Landshut Succession--Results of attempts at reform--The Swiss Confederation--War with Maximilian--Peace of Basel--Policy and character of Maximilian. § 1. _France._ | Internal condition of France.