8. =quam vēnerant=: ‘after they had come.’ BOOK III CH. 1. 12. =Ptolemaeum=: this was the famous Ptolemy Philadelphus. He was engaged in war with Antiochus II, king of Syria, for a long time, but finally concluded peace with him and gave him his daughter in marriage. He was noted for his patronage of literature and science. 14. =Antiochus=: this was the name of several kings of Syria. The one referred to here was Antiochus II, called Theos. =grātiās … ēgit=: ‘gave thanks.’ 16. =Hierō=: more properly the king of Syracuse (see Bk. II, 18, 19). During his reign the celebrated mathematician Archimedes lived. He became the firm ally of the Romans, and when the Second Punic War broke out he remained true to his alliance. After the battle of Lake Trasimenus he sent a fleet with provisions and other gifts to the Romans and also furnished them with a body of light troops. 18. =exhibuit=: lit. ‘held out’ ＝ ‘presented.’ CH. 2. 19. =quibus=: sc. _annīs_; cf. _tempore_, Ch. 1. 20. =Ligurēs=: they inhabited the upper part of the Po valley. They were of small stature, but strong, active, and brave. In early times they served as mercenaries in the armies of Carthage. They were not subdued finally by the Romans until after a long and fierce struggle. Genua was their chief city. 21. =dē hīs=: cf. _dē hīs_, Bk. I, 11. PAGE 28. 1. =Sardiniēnsēs=: when a revolt occurred in Sardinia, Rome took advantage of the exhausted condition of Carthage, and demanded the surrender of the island and an additional indemnity of 1200 talents ($1,500,000). Corsica was obtained in a similar manner. This was the beginning of the Roman provincial system. Each province was governed by a praetor and paid taxes to the Roman people. _Rome and Carthage_, p. 102; Creighton, p. 39. 3. =impellentēs=: nominative agreeing with _Karthāginiēnsēs_ and governing _Sardiniēnsēs_. CH. 3. 7. =nūllum bellum habuērunt=: at Rome there was the so-called Temple of Janus, the gates of which were open in time of war and closed in time of peace. The gates were closed only three times from the building of the temple by Numa to Augustus, viz. by T. Manlius, 235 B.C., and by Augustus in 29 and 25 B.C. 8. =semel tantum=: ‘only once.’ =Numā Pompiliō rēgnante=: cf. _conditā cīvitāte_, Bk. I, 2. CH. 4. 10. =Īllyriōs=: the Illyrians lived on the eastern side of the Adriatic Sea. They were a nation of pirates, and made the whole Adriatic and Ionian seas unsafe for commerce. Even the towns on the coast were not safe from their ravages. The Romans sent a force against them and compelled them to give up their conquests and to make peace. 11. =ex Īllyriīs=: _dē Īllyriīs_ would be more common. CH. 5.