Every-day Science: Volume 6. The Conquest of NatureWilliams, Henry Smith
Science
Every-day Science: Volume 6. The Conquest of Nature
Williams, Henry Smith
Industrial arts; Machinery
Some other substance must be found. The use of carbon for arc lights
and Edison's own experiments with carbon in his work on the telephone
naturally suggested this substance as a possibility. It is said that
this idea was brought forcibly to the inventor's attention by noticing
the delicate spiral of vegetable carbon left in his hand after using
a twisted bit of paper, one day, for lighting a cigar. This spiral of
carbon was, of course, too fragile to be of use in its ordinary form.
But it occurred to Edison that if a means of consolidating it could
be found, there was reason to hope that it would answer the purpose.
Experiments were begun at once, therefore, not only with processes of
consolidation but also with various kinds of paper, and neither effort
nor expense was spared to test every known variety of paper. Moreover,
many new varieties of paper were manufactured at great expense from
substances having peculiar fibres. One of these, made from a delicate
cotton grown on some little islands off South Carolina, gave a carbon
free from ash, and seemed to promise good results; but later it was
found that the current of electricity did not circulate through this
substance with sufficient regularity to get protracted and uniform
effects. Nevertheless, since many things pointed to this fibre carbon
as the ideal substance, Edison set about determining the cause of the
irregularity in the circulation of the current in the filament, and a
number of other experimenters soon became interested in the problem.
It was soon determined that the arrangement of the fibres themselves
were directly responsible for the difficulty. In ordinary paper the
fibres are pressed together without any special arrangement, like wool
fibres in felting. In passing through such a substance, therefore, the
current cannot travel along a continuous fibre, but must jump from
fibre to fibre, "like a man crossing a brook on stepping-stones." Each
piece of fibre constitutes a lamp or miniature voltaic arc, so that the
current is no longer a continuous one; and the little interior sparks
thus generated quickly destroy the filament. This discovery made it
apparent that such an artificial, feltlike substance as paper could not
be made to answer the purpose, and Edison set about searching for some
natural substance having fibres sufficiently long to give the necessary
homogeneity for the passage of the current.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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