Every-day Science: Volume 6. The Conquest of NatureWilliams, Henry Smith
Science
Every-day Science: Volume 6. The Conquest of Nature
Williams, Henry Smith
Industrial arts; Machinery
The advantage of such an electric system over the older method is
the same as the advantages of the trolley road over the cable, all
ropes and cables being stationary, the electric motor, or "telpher,"
travelling along on one cable and taking its current by means of a
trolley pole from a wire above. For heavier work metal rails supported
between posts are employed in place of a flexible cable, and over such
systems loads of several tons can be hauled.
Such an electric telpher system is used in one of the Cuban limestone
quarries, the telpher and cars travelling a long distance upon cables,
except at some of the curves, where solid rails are substituted,
hauling a load of a thousand pounds at a speed of from twelve to
fifteen miles an hour. The current comes from a distant source, and the
telpher is so arranged that it travels automatically when the current
is turned on, stopping when the current is cut off. This is quite a
common arrangement for smaller telphers, but in the larger ones a man
travels with the telpher and load, controlling the train just as in the
case of the ordinary trolley system.
The various processes of hoisting in mines by electricity is closely
akin to that of traction, since, after all, "an elevator is virtually a
railway with a 100-per-cent grade." As such work is done spasmodically,
long periods of rest intervening between actual periods of work, a
great deal of energy is wasted by steam hoisting engines, where a
certain pressure of steam in the boiler must be maintained at all
times. For this reason electrical energy for hoisting has come rapidly
into popularity in recent years. "The throttling of steam to control
speed," said Mr. F. O. Blackwell in addressing the American Institute
of Mining Engineers, "the necessity for reversing the engine, the
variation in steam pressure, the absence of condensing apparatus, the
cooling and large clearance of cylinders, and the condensation and
leakage of steam pipes when doing no work, are all against the steam
hoisting engine. One of the largest hoisting engines in the world was
recently tested and found to take sixty pounds of steam per indicated
horse-power per hour. The electric motor, on the other hand, is ideal
for intermittent work. It wastes absolutely no energy when at rest,
there being no leakage or condensation. Its efficiency is high, from
one-quarter load to twice full load."
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