Two questions will at once suggest themselves. First, can it be shown
that the sensitiveness to touch in various parts of the body is the
result of individual experience? Have we learned to discriminate in
those parts of the body that are most often brought into contact with
surrounding objects? Even the power of discrimination in the tips of the
fingers can be improved, as Spencer himself has shown, in the case of
the blind, and of skilled compositors. Can we account in this way for
the power of discrimination in various parts of the body? In other
words, if, beginning in infancy, the middle of the back constantly came
into contact with surrounding objects, would this region become as
sensitive as the tips of the fingers? The experiment has not, of course,
been carried out, but it is not probable that it would succeed. I
venture this opinion on the ground of the relative number of the nerves
and of the organs of touch on the back, as compared with those of the
finger-tips. But, it will be asked, will not the number of the
sense-organs become greater if a part is continually used by the
individual? It is improbable that much improvement could be brought
about in this way. The improvement that takes place through experience
is probably not so much the result of the development of more
sense-organs, as of better discrimination in the sensation, because the
increased power can be very quickly acquired.
An examination of the relative abundance of touch-spots in the skin
shows that they are much more numerous in regions of greater
sensitiveness. The following table, taken from Sherrington’s account of
sense-organs in Schaefer’s “Textbook of Physiology,” gives the smallest
distance that two points, simultaneously applied, can be recognized as
such (and not simply as one impression) in different regions.
Mm.
Tip of tongue 1.1
Volar surface of 2.3
ungual phalanx of
finger
Red surface of lip 4.5
Volar face of second 4.5
phalanx
Dorsal face of third 6.8
phalanx
Side of tongue 9.0
Third line of tongue, 9.0
27 mm. from tip
Plantar face of ungual 11.3
phalanx of first toe
Palm 11.3
Back of second phalanx 11.3
of finger
Forehead 22.6
Back of ankle 22.6
Back of hand 31.6
Forearm, leg 40.6
Dorsum of foot 40.6
Outer sternum 45.1
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