England, Oregon, 25, 27, 122, 152; United States and West Indian trade, 84; mediates between France and United States, 87; capital for United States, 99, 100; call for payment, 101; Mexico and Lower California, 122; strained relations with United States, 122; the Webster-Ashburton treaty, 123; slave trade and right of search, 123; Northwestern boundary, 124; Oregon, 124, 132, 147, 149; free-trade movement, 151; Oregon trade, 153; compensated owners for emancipation of slaves, 164; Clayton-Bulwer Treaty, 173, 205; possibility of intervention by, in Civil War, 314. English, in United States, 185; attitude toward Confederacy, 314. Episcopalians, and slavery, 145, 216, 240. Erie Canal, exports of grain, 29, 32, 35, 46, 90, 97; and European capital, 99. Erie Railroad, 192. Everett, Edward, 50; Minister to England, 126; Massachusetts spokesman, 184; becomes Democrat, 246; for Vice-President, 261. Exports, cotton and other, 12; cotton from Confederacy, 313. Factory system, introduced, 43; long hours and poor pay, 219. Fair Oaks, battle of, 296. Farm laborers, 210. Farm life, 211; methods, 211. Federalists, in South Carolina, 5; of New York and Pennsylvania, 14; shipping interests, 41. Fillmore, Millard, President, 180; Know-Nothing candidate, 243; popular vote, 243. Florida, 120; secession of, 271, 313. Floyd, John, 70. Floyd, John B., dismissed from army, 312. Food, of Americans in 1860, 208. Foot, Samuel A., 30; resolution on public lands, 60. Foote, Commodore, on Mississippi River, 293. Foote, Henry S., for "all of Mexico," 158; Compromise of 1850, 178. Forbes, John M., railroad builder, 192. Force Bill, 73, 77. Forsyth, John, Jackson leader in the Senate, 82. France, claims against, 85; threatens war, 86; and tariff, 151, 201; and South, 315; and Mexico, 315. Fredericksburg, battle of, 303; and English intervention, 314. Free negroes, in South, 138. Freeport doctrine, 256. Free-Soil party, 173; supports Pierce, 182, 184, 241. Fremont, John C., in Mexican War, 154; Senator, 175; for President, 246; commander at St. Louis, 284; removed from command, 290, 299; for President, 320. Friends. _See_ Quakers. Fugitive Slave Law, strengthened in 1850, 178; opposition to, 184; nullified by Northern States, 252. Fuller, Margaret, 226. Fur trade, St. Louis a center, 35; American Fur Company, 35. Gadsden, James, United States agent to Mexico, 232. Gallatin, Albert, turned against Bank, 83. Garrison, William Lloyd, abolitionist, 161; _Liberator_, 161; abolition societies, 162; for unconditional abolition, 164. Georgia, 3; university of, 7; trouble over Indians, 7, 8, 21, 72, 87; immigration to, 13, 21, 28; Cherokee Nation against, 88, 121; illiterates, 213; convicts, 213; Know-Nothings defeated in, 243; secession of, 271; Union areas, 279; distrusted by Confederacy, 309; conscript laws annulled, 312, 323.